Chapter 8 Market Revolution YAWP

Transportation Revolution

Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroad

Internal Improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Erie Canal

This connected New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. It allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Mechanical Reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly

Steamboat

developed by Robert Fulton this was revolutionary because goods could go up river.

Corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1816- A Supreme Court case, under John Marshall. The state of New Hampshire tried to turn private university Dartmouth into a public school. The Supreme Court decided that Dartmouth's charter was a contract between private parties, and could not be interfered with by the government.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

International Slave Trade

Ended in 1808 during Jefferson's presidency; domestic slave trade continues

Internal Slave Trade

By 1815, between 1830 and 1840 nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines. Most of the slaves came from the upper south (Virginia and Maryland) and went to the lower south (Alabama, Louisiana)

Putting out system

cottage industry, in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who sun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes

Lowell Factories

Single white women from the country side were hired as workers and the textile mills provided housing, supervision, and courses.

Wage Workers

these are "free labor" or those who choose where they work and get paid for it.

Unions

A group of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Romantic Childhood

The idea that children are good and they are the closest to God

companionate marriage

marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

Irish Immigration

Caused largely by the potato famine in Ireland. Irish immigrants came and received much discrimination due to their Catholic faith as well as exploitation in factories and working to dig canals.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. It is a reaction to Irish Immigration.