Philo Quiz 2 Reviewer

Methods of doing philosophy demands about ___

Knowledge

the intentional union between the intellect and a thing, or between the mind and reality, or between a knowing subject and a known object.

Knowledge

It is a conscious act which involves a dipolar structure: a thinking subject and an object that is external to and distinct from the subject

Knowledge

These equal to knowledge

Intellect and the things we experience

Mind + Reality

Knowledge

2 Modes of Knowledge

Physical and Mental/Intentional

This mode of knowledge surpasses our senses and exists on their own. This is the reality outside.

Physical

This mode of knowledge is all about intellect which is another reality inside our own existence.

Mental/Intentional

Knowledge comes within if the physical and mental/intentional mode of knowledge ___

meet in between

the ultimate foundation of all Western philosophy

Plato

Plato once wrote in one of his works:

“The mind is the ever ruler of the universe”

Plato is also known as ___

Aristocles

he was esteemed the most brilliant pupil of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle

Plato

In which family is Plato born into?

Aristocratic Family in Athens

At a time of what is Plato born?

Great political upheaval

Plato’s philosophies are about ___

Political endeavors

Socrates’ philosophies are about ___

Morality

For ___, Plato learned the art of philosophizing at the feet of Socrates until the latter’s trial which he himself witnessed.

8 years

Deeply affected by the execution of his teacher and disillusioned with Athenian democracy, Plato left Athens and travelled to ___

Egypt and Sicily

Plato studied under ___ and encountered other philosophical systems.

Pythagoras

When did Plato return to Athens?

387 B.C.

Plato founded a school of philosophy in a sacred grove of olive trees dedicated to ___

The demigod, Academus

Plato’s school. it is recognized as the first university of higher learning to emerge in the history of Western Europe

Academy

Plato himself is regarded as the first philosopher to produce a substantial ___ that has survived and has influenced to a great extent, all philosophy and humanity.

corpus of writings

Plato died in his sleep at the age of ___

80

under duality are ___ and ___

Matter and form

Matter pertains to what is in the ___

reality

Form pertains to ___

Mind

relation of adequation or correspondence or conformity between the intellect and a thing, or between the mind and reality, or between a knowing subject and a known object.

Truth

___theory of Aristotle in the ancient era which was usually called the ___ theory of the Scholastic tradition in the medieval times

correspondence, conformity

Epistemology = ___

Truth

2 deposits of knowledge

Rationalism and Empiricism

This deposit of knowledge is in our pure mind and we jsut have to cultivate it.

Rationalism

This deposit of knowledge is like saying that experience is the best teacher

Empiricism

Truth (relation of adequation) must be perceived. If it’s perceivable, it ___

surpasses our senses

two realities

mind and everything around us/outside

has different essences, value, and significance. There will be no truth if incomplete.

Conformity

“___” theory of Aristotle in the ancient era

correspondence

“___” theory of the Scholastic tradition in the medieval times

conformity

opposite of truth

error

the lack of such an adequation or conformity or correspondence. It is not in the thing or object known. It is not in our senses.

Error

We make mistakes as a human because we are ___

limited beings

Everything we study in philosophy is all about the ___

very supreme

These two is the reality

Error and truth

the firm assent or strong adherence to a view or proposition on the basis of a sufficient evidence that dispels any reasonable doubt.

Certitude

Threefold distinction of truth:

Logical or epistemological truth

Ontological truth

Moral truth

Conformity of the intellect to the thing

Logical or epistemological truth

Conformity of the thing to the intellect

Ontological truth

Five states of the mind in relation to the truth

Ignorance, Doubt, Suspicion, Opinion, Certitude

absence of knowledge

ignorance

the suspension of assent between two opposing views or propositions because the evidence is either weak or insufficient

doubt

the inclination to one of the opposing views or propositions

suspicion

hesitant assent or weak adherence to a view or proposition

opinion

Ontos = ___

Mind

Conformity of speech to the intellect

Moral truth

What perspective does Plato has?

dualism (matter and form)

We will know if a thing is true through ___

Certitude

epistemological idea of Plato

Allegory

depicts a story concerning morality and philosophical things

Allegory

telling a story using different symbols and characters to bring a deeper view (deeper morality, deeper philosophical view)

Allegory

perfect world

World of Ideas/Forms

world where we are in

World of Senses

everything we see is the lesser version of ideal or perfect.

Plato’s theory of forms

the one who said that Plato is stupid or had stupid ideas.

Rene Descartes

the mystery of awe and wonder

Mysterium trimendum et fascinosum

Threefold Distinction of Truth/Degrees of Certitude

Absolute or Metaphysical Certitude

Physical Certitude

Moral Certitude

that firm assent where all possibility of error is excluded insofar as the denial of the proposition would involve a contradiction

Absolute or Metaphysical Certitude

that firm assent where all probability of error is excluded insofar as the truth of the proposition depends on the operation of a physical law which necessitates the event expressed in the proposition.

Physical Certitude

that firm assent where all reasonable fear of error is excluded insofar as the truth of the proposition depends on a moral law which, in the absence of contrary evidence, is presumed to be operative.

Moral Certitude

is not a state of mind but is the criterion of truth and the motive of certitude.

Evidence

“Evidence” as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas

the splendor of truth seizing the assent of the mind

Who said that “The intellect is ordained towards the truth; the will, towards the good,”

St. Augustine of Hippo

Threefold Dimension of Knowledge:

Certitude, Transcendence, and Objectivity

I can know things with certainty. This is in opposition to the philosophical system known as ___ which claims that the permanent state of the human mind is doubt

Skepticism

We use ___in order for us to achieve certainty

doubt

I can know things in a transcendental and absolute way. This is in opposition to two philosophical systems known as ___

relativism/idealism

I can know things per se or as such or as they are in themselves. This is in opposition to the philosophical system known as ___ which claims that knowledge is limited only to the mode of appearance of things.

Phenomenism

Philosophy of Human Knowledge

Epistemology

speculative science that studies the validity of the human intellect as the instrument for knowing

Epistemology

Different Philosophical Methods

Socratic Method, Inductive-Deductive Reasoning, Scholastic Method and Machinery, Disputation, Dialectics

Socratic Method

Dialectic Method (by means of dialogue or conversation)

disciplined conversation with the aim of arriving at the truth. Broadly defined as a Dialogue or Dialectic, it consists of series of brief questions and precise answers designed to lead the mind by degrees.

Socratic Method

The dialogue has two phases:

Socratic Irony and Maieutic Method

In logic, an argument, far from being a disagreement, is an inference consisting of three statements: two or more premises and a conclusion

Syllogism

flows from general principles to particular instances

Deductive Reasoning

flows from particular instances to general principles

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning uses patterns to arrive at a conclusion that is called a ___

conjecture or a hypothesis

designates the philosophical system that was the dominant doctrinal movement in the Latin Middle Ages

Scholasticism

Scholastic = St. Thomas Aquinas, Medieval period, rise of apex of church

Scholastic Method and Machinery

angelic doctor

St. Thomas Aquinas

Magnum opus of St. Thomas Aquinas

Summa theologica

In the context of the Scholastic system of education of the medieval era, what was known as the disputatio offered a formalized method of argumentation or debate

Disputation

Discourse between two or more parties holding different points of view about a subject but intending to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.

Dialectics

proponent of thesis

Georg Hegel

Dialectics was developed by the 19th century German Idealist ___

G.W.F Hegel

All philosophy begins with

wonder

Latin (the mystery of hope and wonder)

 Mysterium trimendum et fascinosum

“Each man and each woman is a unique and unrepeatable person of inestimable worth and of transcendent dignity”

Karol Wojtyla (St. Pope John Paul II)

Celebrated Bishop of Rochester in the 1960s

Venerable Fulton J. Sheen

There are four different eras in which philosophy is divided.

Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary