BIO 20 Final Review

Lithosphere

Lithosphere

The Earth's solid outer layer, including the crust and upper mantle.

Hydrosphere

All water bodies on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, and groundwater.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding Earth.

Evaporation

Water from oceans, lakes, and rivers turns into water vapor.

Condensation

Water vapor cools and forms clouds.

Precipitation

Water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Carbon Cycle

Carbon cycled through the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms.

Greenhouse Effect

Trapping of heat by greenhouse gases like CO₂.

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.

Denitrification

Conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas.

Phosphorus Cycle

Movement of phosphorus through rocks, soil, water, and organisms.

Food Web

Network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.

Photoautotroph

Organisms producing food through photosynthesis.

Heterotroph

Organisms obtaining energy by consuming others.

Herbivore

Heterotrophs consuming only plants.

Decomposers

Organisms breaking down dead matter in ecosystems.

Pyramid of Energy

Shows energy content at trophic levels.

Inverted Pyramid

Represents ecosystems where small producers support larger consumers.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transfer results in some energy loss as heat.

Protein

Molecules with structural, enzymatic, and regulatory roles in the body, such as enzymes and hormones.

Monosaccharide

Single sugar unit like glucose.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked together, for example, sucrose.

Polysaccharide

Long chains of monosaccharides, like starch and glycogen.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are the monomers.

Proteins

Amino acids are the monomers.

Lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol are the monomers.

Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds, solid at room temp, e.g., butter.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats with one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, e.g., olive oil.

Denaturation

Loss of structure and function, e.g., by heat or pH change.

Coagulation

Clumping of denatured proteins, e.g., cooking eggs.

Physical Digestion

Mechanical breakdown like chewing.

Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown, e.g., saliva breaking down starch.

Liver

Produces bile for fat emulsification.

Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile.

Villi and microvilli

Increase surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions, occurs in the esophagus and intestines.

Fiber (cellulose)

Not digested by humans due to lack of enzymes.

Chewing

Important in digestion to increase surface area for enzyme action and aid in mechanical breakdown.

Absorption

Monomers of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine; nutrients are transported via blood to cells for use or storage.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water, forms waste, and expels it.

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

Role of ADH

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reduces urine volume.

Mechanisms for pH balance

Kidneys excrete H⁺ ions, reabsorb bicarbonate.

Consequence of kidney failure

Disrupts waste removal, water, electrolyte, and pH balance.

Treatments for kidney failure

Dialysis, kidney transplant.