Untitled Flashcards Set

Plato believed children are born with an innate knowledge of __________.

concrete objects like animals, people, and abstractions such as courage, love, and goodness.

Aristotle argued that knowledge is rooted in __________ experience.

perceptual

John Locke proposed that infants were __________, suggesting experience molds children.

blank slates

Locke's view of child development was challenged by __________.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Rousseau believed that newborns have an innate sense of __________ and __________.

justice; morality

The debate between Rousseau and Locke is often referred to as __________ vs. __________.

nature; nurture

Darwin introduced the concept of __________ in child development.

natural selection

G. Stanley Hall based his theories of child development on __________ theory.

evolutionary

Alfred Binet is known for devising __________ tests.

mental

Freud suggested that early childhood experiences account for __________ of behavior in adulthood.

patterns

John B. Watson is known as the founder of __________.

behaviorism

World War II halted progress in developmental psychology as many child development scientists abandoned research to assist in the __________ effort.

war

Applied developmental science uses research to promote __________ development.

healthy

Child development theory is defined as an organized set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about __________.

development

The biological perspective asserts that development is rooted in __________.

biology

Maturational theory, proposed by Arnold Gesell, suggests that development reflects a specific prearranged scheme within the __________.

body

Ethological theory emphasizes that behaviors are __________ and have survival value.

adaptive

The __________ period is the time when a specific type of learning can occur.

critical

Freud's psychodynamic theory suggests that development is largely determined by how well people resolve certain __________ at different ages.

conflicts

According to Erikson's theory, the challenge for adolescents is to develop a __________.

identity

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is Trust vs. __________.

Mistrust

Watson's research on children was based on principles of __________ conditioning.

classical

Skinner is known for studying __________ conditioning.

operant

Bandura developed the social __________ theory, which involves learning through observation and imitation.

cognitive

Piaget's theory includes four stages of __________ development.

cognitive

The first stage of Piaget's cognitive development is the __________ stage (birth to 2 years).

sensorimotor

The second stage of Piaget's theory is __________ stage (2-7 years).

preoperational

During the __________ stage (7-11 years), children develop logical thinking about concrete objects.

concrete operational

The __________ stage (12 years and up) involves the ability to think abstractly.

formal operational

The contextual perspective emphasizes the importance of __________ in child development.

culture

Bronfenbrenner's theory divides the environment into five components including the __________ system and the macrosystem.

microsystem

Children influence their own development is a key idea in the concept of __________ child.

active

Research on child development often involves systematic __________.

observation

The method of observing children in their natural environment without interference is called __________ observation.

naturalistic

A __________ scale involves measuring discrete categories for research.

nominal

Observer bias occurs when researchers notice behaviors that support their __________.

hypothesis

Inter-rater reliability is assessed when two observers produce similar __________.

results

Self-reports are children's own __________ to questions about a topic.

responses

Physiological measures can include measuring heart rate and __________ levels.

cortisol

If a child's behavior resembles that of biological parents, this suggests influence of __________.

heredity

The period of __________ development spans from conception to birth.

prenatal

During the germinal period, the zygote develops into a __________ by the end of the second week.

blastocyst

The umbilical cord joins the embryo to the __________, providing nutrients and removing waste.

placenta

Neural tube defects can lead to conditions such as __________ bifida.

spinal

Fetal behavior includes movement such as swallowing amniotic fluid, which promotes normal development of the __________.

digestive system

Prenatal exposure to prolonged stress can lead to lower __________ birth weight.

birth

Teratogens are agents that cause __________ development during pregnancy.

abnormal

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by abnormalities in brain development, leading to potential __________ disabilities.

intellectual

The Apgar test assesses five vital signs to evaluate a newborn's __________.

health

Crying is one of the newborn states, along with alert inactivity and __________.

sleeping

The growth trend from head to tail is known as __________ development.

cephalocaudal

Breastfeeding is recommended to continue until children reach __________ years old.

2

Malnutrition can result in children being small for their __________.

age

Neurons are the basic units of the brain and the rest of the __________ system.

nervous

Developmental changes in the brain, caused by specific experiences and not linked to a general time frame, are examples of __________ growth.

experience dependent

By 7 months of age, infants start using __________ cues to estimate depth.

pictorial

Locomotion, or the ability to move about, is developed after learning __________ skills.

fine motor

Dynamic systems theory holds that motor development is organized and reorganized over time to meet __________ tasks.

specific

Coordination of skills involves __________ individual skills into a working whole.

integrating

Cognitive development emphasizes how children think and how their __________ changes as they grow.

thinking