Physiology Quiz #1

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62 Terms

1

4 Main Phylogenetic tree groups

mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish

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2

Penetrating Solutes

can diffuse quickly accross cell membranes

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3

Penetrating solutes characteristic

small, non-polar/hydrophobic solutes

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4

Non-penetrating solutes

require protein mediated transport to go across the cell membrane

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5

Non-penetrating solutes characteristics

large, polar/charged

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6

Protein mediated transport

proteins allow or disallow solutes through the membrane

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7

Channel proteins (Protein Mediated Transport) 2 main types

1.Porins (non-gated) 2. Gated channels

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8

Porins are…

always open for a specific solute, passive transport, no binding and release

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9

Gated channels are…

closed to start and open with a specific stimulus

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10

3 Types of Gated Channel proteins

  1. Voltage gated, 2. ligan/chemically gated, 3. Physically gated

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11

Voltage gated channel is…

a protein that is sensitive to voltage

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12

a ligan/chemically gated channel is…

where a certain signaling molecule will bind to the channel and cause a conformational change to open the channel

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13

Physicall gated channels are…

channels that open when they are stretched or moved (ex. cilia in ears)

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14

Carrier Proteins must…

bind to any solute they are transporting, conformational change occurs to move the solute

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15

2 types of Carrier proteins

  1. uniporters, 2. cotransporters

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16

Uniporters…

transport a single solute at one time

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17

Cotransporters…

2 types, transport multiple solutes each time

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18

2 types of cotransporters

  1. symporters, 2. antiporters

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19

Symporters…

move all solutes in the same direction

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20

antiporters…

move solutes in opposite directions

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21

carrier proteins use…

active transport

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22

active transport requires…

energy from ATP or GTP to power movement/transport of solutes AGAINST their gradient

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23

Gradient

the difference in some sort of measurment between two points (things want to move down their gradient)

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24

Diffusion

the passive movement of things down their gradient, very fast over small distances and high temperatures

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25

Net flux

rate measurment on how much “flex” or flow happens in a period of time

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26

higher gradient=

higher net flux

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27

higher area=

higher net flux

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28

Ficks law

net flux= gradient * area to move * ease of movement

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29

solute

what is disolved by the solvent

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30

solvent

what disolves the solute

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31

solution

both together forms a solution

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32

osmolarity

total solute concentration of the solution, can also be used to tell us abt the water in the solution

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33

Hypoosmotic

lower osmolarity of solution, lower solute in solution than in the cell

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34

Hyperosmotic

higher osmolarity of a solution, higher solute in solution than in the cell

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35

Isoosmotic

same osmolarity of a solution

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36

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water through osmosis

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37

Hypotonic

when a cell swells in a solution, the solution is hypotonic

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38

Hypertonic

if a cell shrinks in a solution, then the solution is hypertonic

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39

Isotonic

there is no net movement of water, no change in cell volume

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40

water moves toward…

the higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes (we do not look at penetrating solutes because they will equally spread themselves out)

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41

Direct cell to cell signaling

signaling molecule does not enter teh extracellular fluid, moves through gap junction

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42

Indirect cell signaling

signaling molecule enter extracellular fluid, attaches to target cell on a receptor

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43

receptors are specific to…

one or a few chemical signals

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44

In the endocrine system hormones…

are used as signaling molecules

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45

Hormones come from…

glands, endocrrine tissues or cells

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46

Hormones are transported through…

blood (indirect signaling)

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47

Hormones work well in…

low concentrations

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48

Positive feedback loops…

sense a physiological variable and push it further away from its set point

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49

negative feedback loops…

sense a physiological variable and bring it back to its set point

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50

A positive and negative feedback loop make...

antagonist regulation

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51

Synergy

the combined response of two things is greater than the sum of their individual parts

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52

Feedback loops response sometimes…

is a synergist response or additive response

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53

Trophic hormones

any hormone that directly affects the release of another hormone

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54

what does the hypothalamus do?

regulates the pituitary hormones

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55

Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary trophic hormone chain

Hypothalamus > CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone) via portal vein> Connects to anterior pituitary > releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) *via blood > cells in adrenal cortex > release of cortisol > creates 2 negative feedback loops inhibiting ACTH, and CRH

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56

Cortisol affects…

stress hormone, increases heart rate, blood glucose

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57

Posterior pituitary releases…

oxytocin and vasopressin

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58

Posterior pituitary (difference to anterior)

  • more direct regulation from hypothalamus

  • no portal vein

  • no trophic hormones

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59

Posterior pituitary hormone release process

neurons in Hypothalamus axons’ project into posterior pituitary, oxytocin and vasopressin are released into the blood

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60

Membrane Potential

a charge difference across the membrane

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61

Equilibrium Potential

the MP at which the electrical gradient exactly counteracts the concentration gradient (balance)

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62

Neurons are coded as…

changes in membrane potential

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