UIUC MCB 150 - Final Exam Review

Who speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells?

Schleiden

Who proposed that all cells originate from other cells?

Virchow

Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory?

All cells are replaced

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division

cells are the smallest units of life

all cells are replaced

The field that involves the study of cells and how they interact with other cells is termed

cell/cellular biology/physiology

In terms of cell size, the majority of cells are

too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Which scientists are credited with the cell theory?

Schleiden and Schwann

The German botanist who speculated in 1838 that cells are living entities and that plants are aggregates of cells was

Schleiden

The interaction of which of the following macromolecules plays an important role in the formation of living cells?

DNA

Lipids

Carbs

RNA

Proteins

DNA, RNA, Proteins

How would early cells benefit from DNA replacing RNA as the information storage molecule?

RNA would have more flexibility in its catalytic functions.

Information would be stored in a more stable molecule.

A magnification tool that enables researchers to study the structure and function of cells is the

microscope

A photograph taken by means of a microscope is called a(n)

micrograph

Which macromolecule forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells?

Multiple choice question.

proteins

What are the three important parameters of microscopy?

Multiple select question.

resolution, contrast, magnification

The different chemical properties of amino acids have given proteins ______ catalytic ability than RNA molecules.

greater

The ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another, a measure of clarity, is called

resolution

Which of these is an optical instrument that allows researchers to view and study very small objects, such as cellular structures?

Multiple choice question.

microscope

Which of these refers to the ability to visualize a particular cell structure and may involve staining?

contrast

What parameter of an optical instrument refers to its ability to make small objects appear larger?

magnification

The resolution of this microscope is better than a light microscope:

electron microscrope

The ability to visualize a particular cell structure based on how different it looks from an adjacent structure is called

contrast

The process that selectively labels individual components of a cell and may greatly improve contrast is the application of a(n)

stains (staining)

What are the two main types of electron microscopy?

Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy

What is the main difference between a light and electron microscope?

the source of illumination

The complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism is called its ______.

genome

True or false: The resolution of an electron microscope is far better than that of a light microscope.

true

Based on cell structure, all life forms can be placed into two categories called

eukaryotes and prokaryote

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed _________ which houses the DNA.

nucleus / nuclei

Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms:

bacteria and archaea

A phospholipid bilayer that forms a barrier between a cell and its external environment is the

plasma membrane

The entire complement of the genetic material of a species is its

genome

The area of the cell that is surrounded by the plasma membrane is called the ______.

cytoplasm

The cell walls of most bacteria and archaea are ______.

rigid

What do prokaryotes lack?

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Appendages used by prokaryotic cells to move are called

flagella

Identify the two categories that prokaryotes can be divided into from an evolutionary perspective.

archaea and bacteria

What property do flagella provide to bacterial cells?

motility

What is the phospholipid bilayer barrier between the cell and its external environment called?

plasma membrane

Where is most of the DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

In a bacterial cell, the region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane is called the

cytoplasm

Which of the following is the best reason for cells being small?

Larger cells would not be able to get necessary gases and nutrients quickly enough.

Larger cells would require more nutrients and there is usually a limited supply.

The cell membrane can only stretch so much and so cannot accommodate the larger size.

Larger cells would create too much heat and enzymes will denature.

Larger cells would not be able to get necessary gases and nutrients quickly enough.

Nearly all species of archaea and bacteria have rigid _______________ that supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

cell walls

What is used by prokaryotes to move?

flagella

_________ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.

flagella

What term describes the region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the membrane-bound organelles but inside the plasma membrane?

cytosol

In eukaryotic cells, most of the DNA is housed in an internal compartment, or organelle, called the

nucleus

Which statement best describes the cytosol?

A central region that contains the genetic material

An external region that aids in cell movement

An external region that protects the cytoplasm

A central region that coordinates many metabolic activities

A central region that coordinates many metabolic activities

What best explains why most cells are small?

Cells must be small to be able to take up nutrients efficiently.

Intermediate filaments and actin compose this cell structure:

cytoskeleton

The class of proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to promote various types of movements is called

motor proteins

The double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus is the ______.

nuclear envelope

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of

cisternae

The proper term for an internal space of an organelle is a(n)

lumen

A statement best describes motor proteins

A category of proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to move.

The smooth ER is ______ the rough ER.

continuous with

The surface of which organelle is studded with ribosomes?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the two types of ER inserts certain proteins into its membrane?

Neither rough nor smooth ER

Only rough ER

Only smooth ER

Both rough + smooth ER

Only rough ER

The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum form which of the following?

Cylindrical tubules

Cisternae

Ribosomal Subunits

Fluid-filled tubules

Cisternae, fluid filled tubules

The attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids is a function of the

rough ER

The organelle that consists of an extensive network of membranes which provides a large surface area for enzymes that play important metabolic roles is the

smooth ER

Which of the following are the overlapping functions of the Golgi apparatus? Protein...

processing

synthesis

sorting

secretion

processing, sorting, secretion

The outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with _________ which give it a bumpy appearance.

ribosomes

Acid hydrolases are found in which organelle?

lysosomes

Rough ER selectively inserts newly-made ________ into the membrane of the ER.

proteins

Specialized cellular compartments that are filled with fluid, sometimes solids, are called ______.

vacuoles

The rough ER attaches ______ to proteins and lipids.

carbohydrates

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) lacks ______.

ribosomes

Peroxisomes are involved in detoxification as well as the metabolism of amino acids and ________

fatty acids

The processing (ie: modification), sorting and secretion of cellular molecules are carried out by an organelle in the cell called the

golgi apparatus

What is the function of the lysosome?

breakdown of macromolecules

True or false: Vacuoles are prominent organelles in animal cells, and rarely found in plants cells.

True false question.

false: Vacuoles are much more prominent in plant cells than animal cells.

The semiautonomous organelles of eukaryotic cells are the

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Peroxisome enzymes perform a variety of functions including (answer all that apply)

detoxification

fat metabolism

protein synthesis

amino acid metabolism

detoxification, fat metabolism, amino acid metabolism

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is part of the ______.

endomembrane system

The production of ATP takes place in which of the following organelles?

mitochondria

The chromosomes found in chloroplasts are referred to as the chloroplast

genome

The endosymbiosis theory proposes that _________ and _________ originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.

mitochondria, chloroplasts

Proteins that are destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane or secretion are first directed to the ER. This is called _________ because the first step in the sorting process begins while the proteins are being synthesized.

co-translational sorting

The ER signal sequence is a sorting signal that directs a polypeptide to the ______.

rough ER

The function of a chloroplast is to capture the light energy necessary for the synthesis of which organic molecules in the process of photosynthesis.

glucose

Which molecules keeps other proteins in an unfolded state so that they can be transported?

chaperone proteins

In a mitochondrion, the chromosomes are known as the mitochondrial ______.

genome

True or false: The theory of endosymbiosis suggests that all membrane-bound organelles originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.

False: Recall that endosymbiotic theory does not apply to all membrane-bound organelles.

From a systems biology approach, a system can be which of the following?

Cell

Enzyme

DNA

Metabolic Pathway

Organ

Cell, Metabolic Pathway, Organ

Following protein synthesis, ______ sorting can route proteins to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.

post-translation synthesis

A polypeptide with an ER ______ sequence is directed to the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

signal, rough

An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes. Given only this information, this cell could be from:

a plant or animal

an animal

a bacterium

a plant

a plant, animal, or bacterium

a plant or animal

A eukaryotic cell can be viewed as a system with four interacting parts:

The cytosol, the nucleus, semiautonomous organelles, and the endomembrane system

A way of looking at organisms in terms of the complex interactions of its components rather than the properties of each component separately is called a(n) _________ biology approach.

systems

The three main types of macromolecules that make up the plasma membrane

lipids, carbs, and proteins

Which of the following are found in bacteria, animal cells AND plant cells?

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Endomembrane System

Cell Wall

Plasma Membrane

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes

The plasma membrane consists of a(n) ______ bilayer

phospholipid bilayer

Why are transmembrane proteins able to span the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer?

Because these proteins have stretches of nonpolar amino acids

A membrane protein that has a portion integrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane is called a(n) ______ membrane protein.

integral protein

Proteins that associate with the plasma membrane through non-covalent interactions with phospholipids or transmembrane proteins are called _________ membrane proteins.

peripheral (extrinsic)

What is the basic structure of the plasma membrane?

a phospholipid bilayer

Which of the following statements is correct about a biological membrane that is fluid?

Individual molecules can move within the membrane.

Describe a transmembrane protein

A segment of amino acids is inserted into the phospholipid bilayer.

Describe a lipid-anchored protein

A lipid molecule is covalently attached to an amino acid side chain of the membrane protein.

Describe a peripheral membrane protein

Noncovalent associations form with phospholipids or other membrane proteins

Why is it more appropriate to describe membranes as semifluid rather than fluid?

Molecules move laterally within the membrane leaflet.

Phospholipids usually move in two dimensions.