Retrieval and Forgetting

What is retrieval in the context of memory?

The reinstatement of a pattern of activation over features that represent a memory, facilitated by the presence of the right retrieval cues.

What is the encoding specificity effect as demonstrated by Godden and Baddeley (1975)?

Memory is better when the conditions during encoding match the conditions during recall, such as encoding and recalling underwater compared to on land.

What is state-dependent memory?

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is influenced by the physiological or emotional state present during encoding, such as being under the influence of different drugs.

What are the two components of dual-process theories of recognition memory?

Familiarity-based recognition, which is fast and automatic, and recollection, which is slower and involves retrieval of contextual information.

What is proactive interference?

A phenomenon where old memories interfere with the recall of new information.

What is the main function of inhibition in memory?

A mechanism that actively interferes with and reduces the likelihood of recall of particular information.

What is the difference between mood congruence and mood dependence in memory retrieval?

Mood congruence refers to the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood, whereas mood dependence refers to the ability to recall memories based on the emotional state present during encoding.

What is the word frequency effect in memory recall?

High-frequency words are better recalled in free recall tasks, while low-frequency words are better recognized in recognition memory tasks.

What is part-set cueing?

A phenomenon where cueing part of a list of items can interfere with retrieving the rest of the list items.

What are the four possible outcomes according to signal detection theory in recognition memory?

Hit, miss, false alarm (mistaking a new item as old), and correct rejection.

What is source monitoring error?

A memory error where a person is unable to determine the source of a memory, leading to confusion about its origin.

What is retrieval-based inhibition?

The process by which recalling some items from memory can inhibit or interfere with the retrieval of related items.