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What was the main cause of crime in the Middle Ages?
Poverty
What were the 4 main causes of poverty that lead to crime in the Middle Ages?
Made worse by famine e.g. The Great Famine of 1315
• Disease created poverty and a demand for higher wages as people had to do the work to replace the high death rate e.g. Black Death 1340s
• High taxation led to rebellion such as the poll tax which led to the Peasants Revolt 1381
• Warfare contributed to poverty as ordinary men fought, families lost their providers and taxes were high to pay for wars e.g. Wars of the Roses.
• Poverty led to theft, rebellion but also there was a lot of violent crime linked to access to dangerous weapons and farming tools.
20% of crimes were linked to deathe.g manslaughter/ murder.
What was the main cause of crime in the early modern era?
Poverty
What were the 4 main causes of poverty that lead to crime in the early modern era?
• Population doubled which led to demand for food, housing, work • Rising inflation
• Bad harvests
• Sheep farming
• Many people left their homes to look for work.
• Vagrancy therefore increased - wandering beggars.
What was another cause of crime in the early modern era?
• Another cause of crime was changes in religion in this era.
• Rare for people to be accused of this up until Henry VIII made changes - he often linked it to treason.
What were the causes of crime in the 17th and 19th centuries, industrial era?
Poverty continued to be a cause
• Other causes included:
• Population increase esp in towns and cities = led to demand for jobs, houses etc.
• Urbanisation - poor living and working conditions led to protests.
• Changes in trade - led to highway robbery • Government taxes on items - led to smuggling
What were the causes of crime in the 20/21st centuries?
Mass production of the car led to a variety of car related crimes
• The rise of the computer and internet led to rise in computer related crimes - this can also be linked to the rise in people having mobile phones in the 21st century
• Increase in violence to achieve political objectives e.g. terrorism in Northern Ireland.
• Availability of alcohol and drugs led to increased violence at football matches in the 1970s and hooliganism.
• Drug addiction is a key cause of crime in this era - linked to dependency and gangs.
• Rise in juvenile gang culture esp in London caused by poverty and breakdown of traditional families
What were common crimes described as in the Middle Ages + what did this include?
• Common crimes defined as "disturbing the king's peace"
• Treason, revolt, sheltering criminals, blasphemy, heresy.
What crimes were particular to the Middle Ages?
• Forest Laws - hunting, cutting down trees in the kings forest as it was his property
• Scolding - use of offensive language in public
• Treason which included defying the authority of the head of the family
• Outlaw gangs - criminals on the run • Rebellion - Peasants Revolt 1381 or Cornish Rebellion 1497
What were common crimes in the early modern era, 16th /17th centuries?
Increase in vagrants - vagabonds used tricks to gain money from people
• Estimated 10,000 vagabonds in Elizabethan England.
• Heresy due to religious changes known as the Reformation e.g. Mary 1 burned over 280 protestants.
• Treason
• Henry VIII passed specific laws related to his changes in the Chrurch e.g. said or wrote things against the king, his wife or heirs or displayed support for the Pope.
What were common crimes in the industrial era 17th/19th centuries?
Smuggling
Highway robbery
Footpads
Urban crime-theft
Protest crime
What was smuggling in the industrial era + what caused smuggling + why did it decline?
gangs of 50-100 used. • Each had a specific task e.g. the venture was the investor
• Gangs were armed usually by a batsman who protected.
• Caused by increase in taxes on goods called customs duties and lack of patrols on the coast.
• Declined when gov reduced duties and increased patrols.
What was highway robbery in the industrial era + what caused it?
linked to increased trade and secluded areas of road outside London.
• More travellers carrying goods and money
What were footpads in the industrial era + what lead to their decline?
highwaymen on foot who attacked pedestrians.
• Armed and dangerous BUT glamourised by newspapers e.g. Dick Turpin.
• Declined due to busier roads, horse patrols outside London, banknotes could be traced.
What are two examples of theft that were common in the industrial period?
• Thimble screwers: stole pocket watches
• Drag sneaks: stole goods/luggage from carts
Give two examples of protest crime in the industrialisation period + what was each about + what did they do?
Luddites 1813-New machinery was introduced into textile mills, replacing the weavers jobs. So they smashed the factory machines in protest.
Rebecca riots 1839-farmers disguised themselves as women and attacked tollgates. They were protesting about the high tolls and poverty. They had suffered some poor harvests, and then the price of livestock fell, decreasing their earnings.
Why did statistics show crime had increased in the modern era 20/21st century?
Statistics show crime has increased but may be due to better reporting and recording of crime.
What crimes were common in the modern era 20/21st century?
Car crime
Cyber crime
Terrorism
Hooliganism
Drug crimes
Gun and knife crime
Why was there car crime in the modern era + give examples?
• Car crime - increase in cars = new laws
• Dangerous driving, car theft, not wearing a seatbelt, drink driving
Give examples of cyber crime in the modern era 20/21st centuries?
Cyber crime - hacking, cyberbullying, phishing scams, identity theft
• Phishing attacks cost victims over £170 million in 2015.
What is terrorism in the modern era 20/21st centuries + give examples?
Terrorism - range of methods to push their political demands
• Hijackings, assassination, hostages, bombings and suicide attacks.
• 7/7 attacks in 2005 London
• IRA attacks in 1980s
• 2017 Westminster Bridge attacks killed 5 people.
What is hooliganism in the 20/21st centuries + give an example?
Hooliganism - linked with gangs • Football in 1970s and 80s a key problem
• 1985: British and Italian fans fought causing a wall to collapse and 38 killed.
What is drug crime in the 20/21st centuries?
• Drug crimes: linked to gangs and poverty
What is gun and knife crime in the 20/21st centuries?
Gun and knife crime: linked to juvenile gangs in urban areas
• Linked to drugs & turf wars
How was law and order mainly maintained in the Middle Ages?
• Community and family responsibility • Adult men grouped in tithings - if 1 broke the law the others had to bring him to court • Hue and cry - anyone who heard it was expted to help catch the criminal.
• Sheriff could raise an armed posse to track the criminal down.
Once a criminal was caught in the Middle Ages what system did they follow + what was each court for?
The court system which consisted of 3 courts
Manor courts - judge petty crime in the local area each manor had its own local laws e.g. regarding land disputes.
• Church courts - for churchmen who had committed a crime e.g. adultery or drunkeness and more lenient. Local bishop decided each case and never issued the death sentence.
• Royal courts - heard the most serious cases. Royal judges visited each county 2-3 times a year to try cases. These were called assizes and lasted until 1971!
How was law and order maintained in the early modern era 16/17th centuries?
• JP - 30-60 in each county who oversaw law and order.
• Incl: organizing the constables and watchmen], administer Poor Law, punish offenders.
• Parish constable and night watchman - keep law and order, challenge strangers, carried a bell and lamp.
• 1660s - Charles II introduced patrols called Charleys. Low pay & but were 1st paid lawmen
Why did the 17/19th centuries industrial era need a better system of law enforcement?
Due to New Overcrowded industrial towns and cities
What was the opposition to the police force in the industrial period?
Felt it would restrict freedoms, lead to gov interference and raise in taxes
What were the bow street runners in the industrial period?
Fielding Bros created Bow Street Runners - part time, paid constables who worked for Bow St Magistrates Court.
• Bow St Runners showed the idea of preventative policing by attempting to stop crime
When was the met police established in the industrial period + what developments were made to the police force in 1835 and 1839?
• Met Police established in 1829 • Extended in 1835 to larger towns in England.
• Rural Police Act 1839 established police forces in the countryside.
• JPs were replaced by police.
What was the role of police in the modern era 20/21st century?
• Role of police in this era was to maintain public order and prevent crime.
How did methods and resources for police change a lot in the modern era 20/21st centuries?
• 1900 - police training introduced • 1919 - first female police officers appointed
• 1973 - female officers could become detectives
• 1982 - Neighbourhood watch schemes set up -return to community policing. • 2000 - 200 police forces reduced to 43 for better coordination of resources. • Forensic science - helped to catch criminals.
• 1995: National Fingerprinting
Identification system established AND DNA database.
• Scene of crime officers now attend crime scenes to collect evidence and carry out tests on hair, skin, blood etc.
How did the Middle Ages attempt to combat crime?
• Tithings - groups of 10 who were then grouped into 100s. Responsible for policing in their area
• England was divided into shires and the shire reeve (sheriff) was responsible for public order - could raise a posse if needed.
• Other officials such as the JP, constables and watchmen took over these jobs.
What was the role of the JPs and watchmen in the early modern period 16/17th centuries + uniform + weapon + why become less effective + pay?
• JP was the most important in the 16th-18thC
• Chosen from local landowners
• Role increased and provided a vital service in both policing and punishing.
• Ensured laws were enforced.
• JP appointed the Parish Constable and Watchman - from local traders/farmers
• They were meant to deter thieves, strangers, beggars.
• No uniform and no weapon
• As towns grew they all became less effective at carrying out their roles.
• Acted as unofficial policemen in towns and cities
No fixed salary
• Captured criminals and claimed the reward.
• Or charged a fee for the return of stolen goods.
What did thief takers do in the industrial era 17th/19th centuries + who was thief taker general?
Jonathan Wild was "Thief taker General" but built a crime network of planned thefts and burglaries to profit from the return of "stolen" goods.
• This was criticism of other thief takers who were often corrupt.
How was the bow street runners set up in the industrial era?
• Henry Fielding was appointed magistrate (judge) of Bow St Court.
• He appointed 6 paid, trained officers to combat crime in the area.
• His brother, John continued the work of these "runners" who pursued criminals as well as deterred them.
What crimes did the bow street runners deal with in the industrial era 17th/19th centuries + what did the publish to aid their policing?
Extended to a horse patrol to deal with highway robbers.
• Also published a newspaper called the "Quarterly Pursuit" which contained a list of criminals descriptions & their crimes.
What idea did the bow street runners introduce in the industrial era 17/19th centuries?
The runners introduced the idea of preventative and professional policing.
When were the met police set up in the industrial era + what was their roles + requirements to be in met police + what was uniform? + what did it extend to
MET POLICE
Set up in 1829 by Robert Peel
• Wanted a full time professional force to investigate crimes, patrol and catch criminals. • Called Peelers / Bobbies.
• Run by 2 commissioners
• Headquarters at Scotland Yard
• Covered a radius of 7 miles
• 144 police constables
• Must be able to: read, write, work 7 days • Wore a uniform and carried a truncheon and rattle.
• Extended to a river and horse patrol by 1839.
What were the developments in police transport in the modern era 20/21st centuries
Development of police transport: cars used commonly from 1930s before then it was bikes. Helicopters introduced in the 1980s.
What were the developments in the communication and technology of policing in the modern era 20/21st centuries?
Development of police transport: cars used commonly from 1930s before then it was bikes. Helicopters introduced in the 1980s.
Give 4 specialisation of the police in the modern era 20/21st centuries?
Specialisation of police:
• CID - plain clothed detectives to investigate major crimes.
• Fraud Squad (1946)
• Anti-Terror Branch (1971)
• Hi-Tech Crime Team (2002)
What did the 21st century policing see a return in?
21st century seen a return to community polcing
What were the methods of punishment like in the Middle Ages + what was held before punishment + what did they also rely on?
• HARSH!
• In Saxon times a trial by ordeal ( turning to god to decide the outcome of the crime if the jury couldn't decide) was held before the punishment e.g. trial by hot iron.
• Saxons also relied on fines called the wergild.
Give 4 methods of trial by ordeal + what was each?
Trial by hot iron - The accused would hold a burning hot weight in their hand and then their hand would be bandaged. If after three days the wound had healed, it was believed that God had judged the person to be innocent.
Trial by hot water - The accused would put their hand into boiling hot water to pick up an object. Their hand would then be bandaged. If after a few days the wound had healed, it was believed that God had judged the person to be innocent .
Trial by blessed bread - The accused would eat bread. If they ate the bread without choking, it was believed that God had judged the person to be innocent .
Trial by cold water - The accused was lowered into water. If the accused floated, it was believed that the water had rejected them and that God had therefore judged the person to be guilty.
What were the 3 main types of punishment in the Middle Ages which continued into the early modern era?
• Whipping e.g. beggars
• Stocks & pillory: minor crimes such as swearing or drunkenness.
• Mutilation e.g. branding for beggars.
What were the 4 main types of punishment in the early modern era?
• Whipping e.g. beggars
• Stocks & pillory: minor crimes such as swearing or drunkenness.
• Mutilation e.g. branding for beggars.
Death penalty for murder, treason, persistent theft/ begging. Usually by public hanging
Give examples of harsh death penalties in the early modern era?
• Hang, drawn and quartered for treason e.g. Guy Fawkes (1605) or Thomas Culpepper who committed adultery with Katherine Howard (Henry VIII's 5th wife)
• Beheading for nobles who committed treason eg Duke of Norfolk / Mary QoS • Heretics were burned at the stake eg Mary I burnt over 280 protestants.
What statistic is there for the early modern era in methods of punishment?
BY 1815 there were 225 crimes punishable by death known as the Bloody Code
What method of punishment was introduced in the industrial era as an alternative to the death penalty?
• Transportation - introduced as an alternative to the death penalty
Where was used to send the British convicts + how did this change (industrial era)?
North America was originally used until they gained independence in the 1770s.
Hulks (decommissioned warships used as floating prisons) used as a temporary measure
Until Australia was then used.
1st fleet of prisoners arrived in Australia in 1788 and around 2,000 convicts were transported per year.
What were conditions like for the convicts in the penal colony (industrial era)?
conditions were harsh and prisoners who did not confirm were whipped with a cat o'nine tails or sent to work in chain gangs.
Why + when did transportation end (industrial era)?
• Growing resentment to Australia being used a dumping ground meant that
transportation ended by mid 19thC.
What 3 people in the indutrial era led to prison reform (industrial era)?
-John Howard, Howard recommended that prisoners should be kept in solitary confinement to prevent the spread of negative influences, and to give them time to reflect on their wrongdoing. He believed prisons could be places that reform criminals.
-Elizabeth fry She campaigned for better conditions for female prisoners at Newgate Prison and spent time teaching inmates skills.
-GO Paul designed a new prison that was based on four key principles - security, health, separation and reform. It had separate areas for male and female prisoners
What was the separate system reform + give a statistic of the separate system in the industrial period?
Separate System REFORM - individual cells with work and religious sermons. Made boots, mail bags or sewed clothes.
What was the silent system (industrial era)?
Silent System - make life unpleasant as possible. Pointless tasks like the crank, shot drill.
Why did both the separate and silent systems fail?
Both systems failed as re-offending rate high, suicide commwhy did on and expensive.
Abolition of what punishments resulted in changes to punishments?
Abolition of corporal and capital punishment in 20thC resulted in changes to punishments.
What 3 things were set up as methods of punishment in the modern era (20/21st century)?
Borstals
Young offenders institutions
Open prison
Probation
Parole
Community service
Electronic tagging
What were borstals (method of punishment)in the modern era?
Borstals: Set up in 1908 for 15-21yr olds. Strict rules and education. Corporal punishment was used to begin with. Reoffending rates high and abolished in 1982.
What were young offenders institutions (methods of punishment) in the modern era?
Young Offenders Institutions: Set up in 1988 to reform violent offenders aged 18-21. For those upto 17 there were secure training centres focussing on education and rehabilitation.
What were open prisons (method of punishment) in the modern era?
• Open prisons: Set up after WW2 to house non violent offenders, low risk of escape.
Why were alternatives to prisons needed in the modern era + what alternatives to prison were set up?
Alternatives to prisons: needed as prisons continued to be overcrowded.
Probation
Parole
Community service
Electronic tagging
What is probation (alternative to prisons in modern era)?
Probation - set of rules and probation officer and report to police. From 1980s had to undertake counselling for issues such as drug dependency
What is probation (alternative to prisons in modern era)?
Parole - allows prisoners to be released early for good behaviour. Similar to probation.
What is community service (alternative to prisons in modern era)?
Community service - intro in 1972. Unpaid work to benefit the community e.g. cleaning graffiti
What is electronic tagging (alternative to prisons in modern era)?
Electronic tagging - intro in 1990s. Limits on when and where they can go and the tag monitors their movements.
What have prisons introduced in the modern era?
Electronic tagging - intro in 1990s. Limits on when and where they can go and the tag monitors their movements.
What was the purpose of punishment in the Middle Ages?
Deterrence, retribution and to keep order • Keep the punishment public and harsh in
order to do this. Show justice was being done.
What was the purpose of punishment in the early modern era?
Deterrence, retribution and to keep order • Keep the punishment public and harsh in
order to do this. Show justice was being done.
Increase in public humiliation and punishments due to increased crime rates such as branding, stocks and pillory, also whipping vagabonds through the cities.
Public execution like hanging was also a common feature.
What were prisons used for in the early modern era ?
Prisons only used to temporarily hold offenders and debtors.
When did a slight change in attitudes to punishments come in the early modern era?
Some change in attitudes came with the Elizabeth poor laws where government set up houses of correction.
What major change in attitudes to crime and punishment came in the industrial era?
• Major change was the introduction of transportation and the attitude of banishing criminals as well as an
alternative to the death penalty.
• Especially as workers were needed for the new colony PLUS some felt the Bloody Code was unfair but didn't want to let criminals off.
What did prisons increasingly use in the industrial era?
Prisons - increasingly used as Bloody Code abolished to 5 crimes and change in attitude to prison and towards reform • Did lead to overcrowding
What act came in 1823 + what did it improve (industrial era)?
• Gaols Act 1823 - improved security and sanitation
What attitude to crime and punishment did the separate and silent system bring + did these systems work (industrial era)?
Separate and silent systems introduced focus on punishment and reform
These did not work and so the Gov decided to return to deterrence using harsh methods
What act came in 1865 which made prison life harder (indutrial era?
1865 Penal Servitude Act - ruled that all prisoners should experience hard labour, hard fare and hard board.
• E.g. hard work, bread and water and hard bed
When was public execution banned in the indutrial era + why?
• a change in attitude towards public execution led to it being banned in 1868.
What were the main aims of punishment in the modern era?
Rehabilitation-doing something for the victim or community to pay them back for the crime committed e.g. meeting with the victim, repairing the damage or helping the community.
Restitution- doing something for the victim or community to pay them back for the crime committed e.g. meeting with the victim, repairing the damage or helping the community.
What attitudes to crime and punishment were debate in the modern era?
debate between 2 attitudes: retribution and rehabilitation.
Up until the 19th century how were juvenile convicts treated + how did this change in the modern era (20/21st centuries)?
Up until the 19th C juveniles treated same was as adults. There have been a number of changes to how young offenders are dealt with:
• 1850s: Reform schools for 10-15yrs
• 1908: Borstals focused on discipline and authority • Secure Training Centres - rehabilitation • in 1982 the old system was replaced by Youth
Detention Centres, which involved much stricter, almost military, discipline. This did not work, and youth re-offending increased to 75%.
What was the aim of treating juvenile convicts in the modern era?
The aim is to punish but reform the young offender in preparation for adulthood.
What is a corporal punishment + give an example of changing attitudes to corporal punishment in the modern era?
Corporal punishment- punishment intended to cause physical harm.
1948: Flogging of prisoners ended.
What were the arguments for the death penalty (modern era)?
Some people saw the death penalty as a deterrent to serious crimes such as murder.
Very few people were being executed per year. All those executed were convicted of murder.
What were the arguments against the death penalty (modern era)?
Increasingly people saw the death penalty as barbaric and uncivilised. Many other countries also ended the death penalty.
Also the cases of:
• Derek Bentley
• Ruth Ellis
• Timothy Evans
Which were all wrongful convictions where they were later found to be innocent after their killing by capital punishment.
When was capital punishment abolished (modern era)?
1969
What is our case study for crime and punishment?
Lincoln castle gaol and prison 1787-1878
Who was Sir John howard + what did he do?
Prison reformer
In 1777, john Howard's published a report entitled the state of prisons in England and wales based on his findings after his prison journey inspection. He recommended that prisoners to be kept in solitary confinement in order to prevent the spread of negative influences and also to give them time to reflect on their wrong doing. He believed that prisons could reform and rehabilitate criminals
Who was Elizabeth's fry + what did she do?
Prison reformer
Elizabethan fry visited prisons in 1813. She wanted prisons to improve mainly for women in prisons and enable prisoners to improve mainly for women in prisons and also enable prisons to improve themselves
Who was sir George o'paul + what did he do?
Prison reformer
-security, high walls and layout to make it easy to observe the prisoners.
-health-isolation sections for new prisoners, health checks and exercise yards
-separation, keeping different kinds of prisoners apart.
Why was the bloody code introduced + why was it phased out?
The bloody code was introduced due to wealthy landowners becoming increasingly aggravated about the high levels of crime and therefore government resorted to harsh punishments in attempt to deter criminals. Th bloody code was phases out due to harsh punishments being given to crimes which didn't reflect the severity of the crimes.
Why was transportation introduced + why was it phased out?
Transportation was introduced due to wanting to remove criminals from England and enabled them to severely punish criminals without killing them. Transportation was phased out due to American gaining independence and native Australians becoming annoyed with British using Australia as a criminal dumping ground. Transportation also became a too soft punishment for criminals once Australia had become built up.
What were the major problems with prisons in the 18th century?
1. Prisoners were mixed together, such as different level offenders, ages and genders.
2.wealthy prisoners were comfortable but for poor it was uncomfortable
3. Concern that prisons enabled criminals to become experienced as the criminals could pass on their knowledge to other criminals
4.prison wardens earned their money by charging prisoners fees, and prisoners had to pay for part of prison life.
5. Prisoners rarely given anything useful to do
6. Prisons were unhygienic, due to them bing damp, dirty, overcrowded, and poor sanitation as they lacked proper toilets.
How did sir George o'pauls design help to rectify some of the issues raised by john howard?
George o'pauls new prison design separated male and female prisoners as well as providing workshops and chapels. He also argued that improved ventilation and regular exercise was important to prevent the spread of diseases like typhus.
When was Jeremy Benthams pancoptican designed+ What were the advantages of Jeremy Benthams pancoptican design?
Jeremy Bentham had also designed the 'panopticon' prison in the 1790s, which organised prisoners into single cells around a central area to allow the prison guards to observe them more easily. The design became very influential after the 1820s.
What was the Georgian Lincoln prison like?
In the Georgian Prison, debtors were treated much more leniently than criminals. They had the rooms
at the front of the building looking onto the castle grounds, while the criminals were housed in a much simpler building (now demolished) that was called the Felon's Wing at the back of the exercise yards. The prisoner governor lived in an apartment at the top, along with his family. At this point, gaolers were still allowed to financially exploit their position as they were not paid, were able to use prisoners as free labourers, charging prisoners for bedding and food or to have their shackles removed and even sell ale to prisoners. There was a constant need to repair the castle walls, creating security concerns.
What was the new Victorian Lincoln prison like?
The Victorian Prison was designed to be a separate system prison. Prisoners were to be kept separate from each other at all times so that they could contemplate the errors of their lives alone and in silence. The only person that the prisoners were allowed to speak to was the prison chaplain. The separate exercise yards, where prisoners had to exercise alone, had a better system of sewage and drainage than the city of Lincoln had outside the castle walls. Prison was H shaped with enclosed exercise yards in between its wings.Debtors continued to be housed in the Georgian Prison, which was divided between cells for them and bigger rooms for the prison guards. The rooms for the guards also had large bay windows so that it was easier to observe prisoners exercising in the yard. The new central landing was similar to the idea of Bentham's 'panopticon' design, as it allowed guards to see all of the cell doors from a central place. Prisoners would sleep on a hammock. These cells were lit by gas-light and heated by a large boiler in the basement, which blew in hot air through a grill in the floor.
Disadvantaged of the new Victorian Lincoln prison design?
the sewers got blocked very quickly and the hot air blowing through the prison may have been responsible for a typhoid outbreak in 1851.
Why was a new roof placed on one of the towers of the castle + what was it like + who was the first prisoner killed there?
new roof put on Cobb Hall, one of the towers of the castle, to set up gallows inside the castle that could be seen by more of the public outside and was much more secure. Executions usually had a big audience, sometimes as many as 15,000 people, with local hotels selling out and some selling very expensive rooms that had a direct view of the execution.The new Cobb Hall gallows were considered to be a more humane means of execution, even though the trap door and short drop could still take a while to kill someone. Elizabeth Whiting was the first person to be executed on Cobb Hall on 15th March 1817, having been found guilty of killing her baby with an overdose of laudanum.