WWU BNS exam 3

- wwu -psych 220 -Seifert

What are the main hormones involved in the regulation of both feeding and drinking behavior?

ghrelin, leptin, and insulin

Declarative memory

memory that can be stated or described

nondeclarative memory

memory is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection

The distinction between semantic and episodic memory

episodic memory is based on personal experience and semantic memory is more fact-based

how does patient K.C. serves as  an example of the distinction between semantic and episodic memory?

he couldn’t retrieve personal memories from his past, but his general knowledge remained good

what is the structure responsible for generating circadian rhythm

regulated by SCN in hypothalamus

effects on eating behavior with lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

less eating

effects on eating behavior with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

overeating

The main difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, with respect to hormone release

hormones sent to the posterior pituitary gland from hypothalamus for secretion but hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland itself

The distinction between the types of thirst

hyperosmotic thirst: detected by LPO and the AV3V

hypervolemic thirst: detected by baroreceptors in heart and blood vessels, kidneys and

most common causes of hyperosmotic thirst

cellular dehydration

most common causes of hypervolemic thirst

decrease in blood (vascular) volume

what are the stages of brain development and the order in which they happen?

1.neurogenesis

2. cell migration

3.cell differentiation

4.synaptogensis

5.cell death

6.synapse rearrangement

what is neurogenesis

mitosis produces neurons from non-neuronal cells, forming the ventricular zone

what is cell migration

cells move out of the ventricular zone and towards destination, they express particular genes there

what is cell differentiation

cells become distinctive types of neural or glial cells through cell-to-cell interaction

what is synaptogenesis

establishment of synaptic connections

what is cell death

selective death of many neurons

what is synaptic rearrangement

loss of development of synapses, fine-tuning

what is myogenesis

formation of myelin

How “Hebbian” principles influence synaptic rearrangement

Hebbian synapses grow stronger or weaker depending on their ability to affect a postsynaptic cell

structures and cell types involved in migration

subventricular zone to cortex along radial glial cells

how is cell death involved in brain development

a sculpting process in the emergence of other tissues

The brain regions that are most likely to undergo adult neurogenesis 

dentate gyrus of the hippocampus formation

What are the likely benefits/purposes of sleep

energy conservation, niche adaptation, body and brain restoration, memory consolidation

energy conservation in sleep

SWS: lowered muscle tension, heart rate, body temp etc.

niche adaptation in sleep

animals good at behaving under certain circumstances

body and brain restoration in sleep

SWS: growth hormone is released, glymphatic system more active to “clean up”, correlation between less sleep and health problems

memory consolidation in sleep

learning before sleep is enhanced by sleep, neural activity similar during learning and sleep

How does sleep tend to change with age

more waking, less REM sleep, first REM episode later

what kind of behavior does the hypothalamus generate

goal-directed behavior

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the lateral hypothalamus

feeding

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the anterior hypothalamic area

body temperature

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the ventromedial nucleus

satiety

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

circadian clock

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the lateral preoptic nucleus

thirst

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the anterior pituitary

stress

what is the homeostatic drive/function of the posterior pituitary

oxytocin/vasopressin

how does the hypothalamus affect the entire body

by releasing hormones

2 types of drinking behavior

spontaneous and deprivation-induced drinking

Which structures are involved in monitoring the concentration of the extracellular fluid

osmoreceptors in LPO of the hypothalamus and AV3V

what type of sleep does basal forebrain help with

SWS

radial glial cells

path-making cells critical for proper cell migration

Why ions (salts) are important in homeostatic regulation of water balance

composition of body fluid is like diluted salt water, cells will lose water in the saltier solution and gain water in a less salty solution

how does H.M’s case help us understand the structures required to create new  declarative memories 

H.M had his hippocampus taken out and was unable to create new long-term declarative memories

how do animal studies help us understand the structures required to create new  declarative memories

gradations of taking parts of the brain out or lesioning them and shows us the affects had on performance

How does the case of N.A help us understand the structures required to create new  declarative memories

showed us that damage to the diencephalon with the hippocampus still intact can still damage declarative memory

basic architecture of sleep

Non-REM sleep and REM sleep

main distinctions between different kinds of sleep

different brain activity patterns, eye movement, muscle activity etc.

In neurogenesis, cells that give rise to neurons divide in via mitosis, which takes place within the _______ zone inside the neural tube.

ventricular

which process only occurs for a limited extent after birth

neurogenesis

in the human cerebral cortex, the pruning of dendrites and axon terminals occur last in the

prefrontal cortex

if one eye of a kitten is occluded during a sensitive period is the response to visual stimuli in that eye later decreased or increased

decreased

example of epigenetics

Mothering style affecting developing brain

significance of a set zone, as opposed to set point in thermoregulation

wide variety of conditions animals face build up a tolerance or set zone instead of a precise set point more adaptable

osmotic pressure

tendency of solvent to move across the membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

when an animal loses a lot of blood there’s a tendency of the baroreceptors to signal what

thirst

what occurs in rats with LH lesions

decreased food intake, lower weight set point, eventual stabilization of body weight and food intake

what does the activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus do

suppress hunger

when deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are…

a little longer than 24 hours

the molecular clock is influenced by…

light

is students academic performance better or worse is school starts later because of the shifts of circadian rhythms around puberty

better

what does reticular formation/pons help with

waking and getting going

what type of sleep does locus coeruleus help with

REM sleep

How genome contributes to expressed phenotypes 

genetic disorders, inheritance, variation etc.

how environment contributes to expressed phenotypes

 social and cultural influences/experiences

The general features of homeostatic mechanisms

control center, receptors and effectors

how does cortical thinning factor into brain development

during postnatal brain development in the primary sensory areas of the cortex

how does myelination factor into brain development

usually occurs during the first few months after birth

how neural proliferation is involved in brain development

neural plates form neural grooves by folding, this fuses and creates the neural tube

structures and cell types involved in neural proliferation

roof plate and floor plate,