Lifespan Development Quizes (Exam 3)

______________ is the neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain.

sensation

______________ is a multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses.

perception

__________________ perception is the type of intermodal perception that coordinates the properties of objects first seen and then felt.

visual-kinesthetic

Which of the following is true about exposure to excessive environmental noise?

a. Its effects are only detrimental in industrial work settings.

b. Its effects only occur in older adulthood.

c. Its effects can be reversed.

d. It can result in permanent hearing loss.

d. it can result in permanent hearing loss

The acuity of infants' vision is about ______ that of adults, and it reaches adult levels of acuity by ______ years of age.

%5; 10

Kinesthetic spatial orientation involves which of the following?

a. the body's location

b. the body's orientation

c. laterality

d. a and b

e. a, b, and c

d. a and b

Which of the following are sources of information about distance and depth perception?

a. detection of edges

b. retinal disparity

c. motion parallax

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

d. b and c

What type of perception allows us to find embedded objects in a background?

figure and ground

__________________ is the perception of actual object size despite the size of its image as projected on the retina.

size constancy

The kinesthetic, or proprioceptive, system gives body sense and is vital to ability to position oneself and move in the environment. Which of the following is a type of kinesthetic receptor?

a. muscle spindles

b. joint receptors

c. vestibular semicircular canals

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

In a classic 1963 study, in which Held and Hein permitted or restricted self-produced locomotion in kittens with the same visual experience, what was the conclusion?

self-produced movement is important to movement behaviors

Scanning techniques that allow imaging of the brain have examined the interrelatedness of the motor and cognitive domains. Which of the following is a finding from this research?

a. The dorsolateral area in the prefrontal cortex and the neocerebellum in the contralateral hemisphere are coactivated during performance of cognitive tasks.

b. Children with dyslexia or specific language disorders frequently have motor deficits.

c. Similar task characteristics activate both of these areas, such as difficult (rather than easy) cognitive tasks, a new task, or a task requiring a quick response, concentration, or greater memory demands.

d. a and b

e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Which age groups depend more on kinesthetic information than visual information when the two sources of information are in conflict?

a. infants

b. older children

c. young adults

d. a and b

e. b and c

e. b and c

What term refers to the actions or behaviors for or permitted to an actor by the places, objects, and events in and of an environment?

affordances

______________ is (are) the leading cause of accidental death for people over 75 years old.

falls

People demonstrate adultlike postural responses by the time they are ________ years old.

7 to 10

The current view is that which of the following systems are interrelated?

motor, perceptual, and cognitive

Which of the following is characteristic of older adults compared to young adults when balancing?

more time passes before the leg muscle respond to a perturbation to balance

Which of the following changes in older adults may lead to a decrease in balance?

a. Vision

b. kinesthetic receptors

c. vestibular receptors

d. a and b

e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Self-produced locomotion is important to the development of what?

a. flexibility

b. surface texture and slope perception

c. spatial perception

d. a and c

e. b and c

e. b and c

____________ occurs when a parent or significant other encourages activities that are deemed gender appropriate.

gender typing

Which of the following is part of a four-part philosophy designed to enhance the enjoyment and benefits of children's participation in sport?

a. Winning isn't everything, nor is it the only thing.

b. Failure is not the same thing as losing.

c. Success is not synonymous with winning.

d. a and b

e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

A cultural phenomenon in the United States that may act as a constraint for girls' motor behavior is

playing wtih peer groups on the playground

The best predictor of adult sport involvement is participation during childhood and adolescence. In fact, about ______ of eventual sport participants become involved in sports by age 8.

75%

Findings from research suggest that the roles of race, ethnicity, social background, and other factors in family socialization are __________ and __________ to characterize on a group basis.

complex; difficult

Aversive socialization includes which of the following?

a. when teachers or coaches reward students for proper skill execution

b. when teachers or coaches embarrass children in front of peers

c. when teachers or coaches overemphasize performance criteria at the expense of learning

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

d. b and c

Which of the following is an example of a social or cultural environmental constraint?

a. age

b. race

c. religion

d. b and c

d. b and c

Title IX, which required equal opportunity for girls and women in sport, was passed in

1972

_______________ characteristics are culturally based and relate to cultural similarities that connect groups.

ethnic

The ____________ process is that by which one learns a social role within groups with certain values, morals, and rules.

socialization

Teachers and coaches should provide _________ feedback related to performance in order to attempt to raise a child's self-esteem.

specific

Children begin to compare themselves to others at the age of

5

Harter and Pike developed a scale that uses ___________ to measure self-perceptions of children under 8 years old.

pictures

Which of the following reason was cited as a reason children and teens continue to participate in sport?

a. a desire to solely focus on winning and outperforming others

b. a desire to have fun

c. a desire to be part of a team

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

d. b and c

Self-________ is one's personal judgment of his or her own capability, significance, success, and worthiness; it is conveyed to others through words and actions.

esteem

The amount and intensity of physical activity tend to ___________ as adults grow older, especially among ___________.

decrease; females

A _____________ is a type of instructional approach that is student centered.

mastery motivational climate

Research suggests that children ages _________ are more likely than older children to attribute outcomes to both effort and luck.

7 to 9

Project _________ is an annual event in which millions of children all over the globe exercise at the same time in a symbolic gesture of fitness and unity.

ACES

Which of the following describes internal attributions?

a. believing that the factors influencing outcome are consistent from situation to situation

b. believing that individuals influence outcomes through their own behavior

c. believing that family members influence outcomes

d. believing that peers influence outcomes

b. believing that individuals influence outcomes through their won behaviors

In which of the following tasks do older adults decline in performance?

a. continuous actions

b. repetitive actions

c. memory tasks

d. single, discrete actions that can be planned in advance

e. simple actions

c. memory tasks

Which of the following is a measure of the speed of cognitive processing?

a. agility

b. simple reaction time

c. movement time

d. complex reaction time

e. accuracy of a memory task

b. simple reaction time

Information about performance in relation to a goal is called knowledge of ___________.

results

T or F: Variable practice is overall more beneficial than constant practice for motor learning in adults.

True

An increase in an individual's _______________ is likely to lead to increased performance.

knowledge base

Adding variability to practice is most appropriate in which stage of learning?

associative

T or F: Motor learning is defined as the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience.

true

It is likely that participation in an exercise intervention has a ________ and ________ effect on memory performance.

small; positive

Which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning?

a. It is the middle phase of learning.

b. It occurs throughout the cognitive phase.

c. It focuses on movement strategy.

d. It focuses on movement production.

c. it focuses on movement strategy

___________________ is a measure requiring the earliest possible response to more than one stimulus, usually with a different response matched to each of the possible stimuli.

choice reaction time

Which of the following is a theoretical consideration or component of an ecological task analysis?

a. Any given movement is influenced by the mover's environment.

b. Consideration is given to the individual constraints each person may have.

c. Consideration is given to the ways in which the environment and task constraints may act in conjunction with individual constraints.

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Constraints _________ interact with one another to influence movement.

always

A movement educator lowers the height of a basketball net to make it an appropriate height for elementary school-age students to practice shooting the ball. Which type of constraint was manipulated?

task

On a day-to-day basis, which of the following type of constraints can be manipulated by educators?

a. structural

b. task

c. environmental

d. b and c

e. a, b, and c

d. b and c

Which type of constraint typically requires a longer time to change?

a. task

b. structural

c. environmental

d. functional

b. structural

A ________ is an evaluation of how a particular task or skill is accomplished, focusing on critical components that influence movement.

task analysis

Which of the following is the most important type of constraint?

a. task

b. structural

c. environmental

d. functional

e. all of these are important constraints

e. all of these are important constraints

All youth should be encouraged to enhance physical fitness from early childhood, with what primary focus?

motor skill development and muscular strength development

What are the primary goals for LTAD?

promote physical development, prevent injury/reduce risk, and enhance fitness behaviors that can be retained later in life

The distance between the pitching mound and home plate is an example of what type of constraint?

task