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African Americans in Government 1870
African American voters - important role
Contributed to Repub. victories in S.
Some win seats as elected officials
S. Carolina, Afr. Amer. held majority in lower house
Other states, Afr. Amer. held important positions, but never proportional to #’s
Afr. Amer. began Serving in political positions as Reps. in Congress
Federal Representation Changes
At the National Level
16 - House of Reps & 2 in Senate
Hiram Revels (R)
recruited Afr. Amer. for Union army
started school for freed Afr. Amer. in MO
chaplain of Afr. Amer. regiment in MS
stayed in MS - elected to U.S. Senate - 1870
Blanche K. Bruce
former escaped slave
Taught in school for Afr. Amer’s in MO
1869 went to MS - elected to U.S. Senate- 1874
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Some Southern whites backed Republicans
Confederates called them scalawags (scoundrels or worthless rascals)
Some N. whites moved South after war to support Republican party
Critics called these Northerners carpetbaggers
Some very dishonest, many were reformers who wanted to help S.
Many S,’rs accused Reconstruction gov’ts (Republican) of corruption
Resistance to Reconstruction
Most S’rs opposed efforts to expand Afr. Amer. Rights
Most white landowners refused to rent land to freed people
Store owners refused credit; employers would not hire them
The Ku Klux Klan - An Original American Terrorist Organization
Secret societies, used fear, violence to deny rights to freed men / women.
Killed 1000s of Afr. Amer’s and their white friends
Burned African American homes, schools, churches
Many S’rs, esp. planters & Dem’s, backed the KKK
Saw violence as only defense against Republican rule
1870-1871 – Enforcement (Force) Acts
S’rs refused to testify against attacker’s of Afr. Amer.
Passed to blacks' / enforce 14th Amendment & protect 15th amd’ts
right to vote
hold office,
serve on juries
receive = protection of law
Sr’n States often to weak or afraid to act
If states failed - they allowed fed. Gov’t to intervene.
Private criminal acts became federal crimes &Pres. Grant could step in
Pursue, prosecute w/federal
troops
African Americans Created Own Schools
N’rn missionary societies set up academies
grew into Afr. Amer colleges/universities
A few states required schools be integrated
but laws were not enforced
1870’s Farming – Slavery Without the Chain
Some African Amer. freedmen purchased land
w/the help of the Freedmen’s Bank
Most unable to get land
Most common form of farm work – sharecropping - landowner
rented land to sharecropper
a crude shack, seed, tools (maybe a mule)
Farming – Economic Slavery w/o Chain
In return, sharecroppers
shared a % of crops w/landowners
After paying landowner - little was left to sell
Sharecropping little better than slavery
(economic slavery w/o the chain)
Will last for generations
Grant’s Administration – Reconstruction Weakens
1. Radical leaders begin to disappear
– (Thaddeus Stevens died)
2. During... N’rs began losing interest in Reconstruction
– Time for S. to solve own problems
3. Panic of 1873 – caused economic depression
– It was becoming long and expensive
4) 1873 – Pres. scandals & corruption discredit REPUB’s
5) Nation focusing on industry/westward settlement.
6) S’rs protested “bayonet rule”
– federal troops to back Reconstruction gov’ts
– great violence & race riots occurred
Republican Revolt
1870s: Corruption in Grant’s administration and Reconstruction govt’s split’s the Republican Party
Liberal Republicans (Halfbreeds) Formed
1872 - Nominate Horace Greeley to run against Grant
Amnesty Act of 1872
Pardoned most former Confed’s
affected over 150,000
Full rights granted. (voting)
Most were Democrats
soon gain control of S. state gov’ts.
Assisted by KKK - terrorized Repub. voters
Panic of 1873
Small banks close/stock market plummets
1000s of businesses shut down
Tens of 1000s out of work
Blame - Republicans!
1874 Congressional Elections
DEM’s gain seats in Senate & House of Reps
weakens Congress’ commitment to Reconstruction
Election of 1876
REPUB’s needed win back Liberal Repub’s - unite party
Rutherford B. Hayes, (OH)
Honest/moderate views
DEM’s - Samuel Tilden (gov. NY)
Fought corruption in N.Y.C.
Tilden appeared to win
(250,000 more votes) and 184 electoral votes.
1 short to win
4 states/disputed results
He needed all 20 to win
A commission set up
voted 8 to 7 to give all 20 votes to Hayes
Compromise of 1877
1. New Repub. Gov’t - more $ aid to South
2. All troops removed fr. S. states
3. DEM’s promise - maintain Afr. Amer. rights
March 2, 1877, Congress met in a joint session - declared Rutherford B. Hayes president
Inaugural Address, Hayes declares - the S. needs...
Restoration of “wise, honest, peaceful local self-government”
Let S’rs handle racial issues.
FED gov’t no longer attempt to reshape S.
Reconstruction was over!
Democrats in Control
Large landowning DEM’s took power
Plus “Redeemers”- merchants, bankers & business leaders who supported economic development
“Redeem” S. fr. Repub. rule
adopt conservative policies
lower taxes/reduced spending
cut Reconstruction services
Including public ed.
dominates S. politics into 1900’s
Rise of the New South
S’rs looked to develop a strong industrial economy
Some industries grew based on region’s abundant coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, & lumber
– Some Textile/iron mills.
– was cheap/reliable workforce
Factory workers - long hours/low wages
1880-1890: RR system rebuilt/doubled
Agriculture remained main economic activity
Rural Economy
Supporters of a New South wanted small farms to raise a variety of crops rather than cotton
most went to unprofitable sharecropping
Debt caused problems for poor farmers
grew cash crops to repay
Main crop - cotton
Too much cotton produced - prices fell
A Divided Society
15th Amend. prohibited states denying right to vote on race.
S. States pass codes for political exclusion
poll taxes & literacy tests
also kept whites from voting
Solution - grandfather clauses - keep whites included
If father/grandfather voted in 1860 - you can vote
Afr. Amer. voting plummets
1883: S.C. Decision Opens Segregation
Civil Rights Act of 1875 Overturned
Bans separation of races in public places.
Ruling: 14th Amend. = prot. clause prohibits states /not private organizations
Here comes “Jim Crow” SEGREGATION in private facilities.
Jim Crow Laws
1890s segregation was common
Laws (Jim Crow) required races to be separate in public places
1896- Plessy v. Ferguson:
Segregation legal as long as it is equal
“Separate but equal”
The facilities were in no way equal
White violence rose including lynching
Reconstruction’s Impact
A success and failure
Helped South rebuild its economy
BUT most remained agricultural/poor
The North boomed – Industrial Rev.
Afr. Amer. gained greater equality, created own institutions, shared in gov’t
advancements didn’t last
Civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois said
“The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery”