CHapter 18

American History (chapter 18: Age of Industry)

1876

Alexander G. Bell patented the 1st telephone

1879

invention of the light bulb

1887

Interstate Commerce Act est. the 1st regulatory agency

1890

Sherman Antitrust Act

Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881

James Garfield

1881

Chester Arthur

1881-1885

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893

Grover Cleveland

1893-1901

William McKinley

1901-1905

Age of Industry

great age of free Enterprise, capitalism, major technological advancements & industrial expansion

McCormick Company

began the production of the twine binder

crop rotation

planting a different crop each year to avoid depleting soil

contour plowing

plowing furrows to follow the curve of a hill

Luther Burbank

produced a thornless cactus & new variety of potatoes

Mark Carleton

greatly increased wheat production in the U.S.

George Washington Carver

best remembered for his work at Tuskegee Institute research with the peanut

Department of Agriculture

established by Congress to study agriculture trends & aid American farmers

Hatch Act

provided funds for agricultural colleges to establish experimental stations & research better farming methods

Smith-Lever Act

established cooperative extension services & made country agents available

4-H, FFA (future farmers of America), & Future Homemakers of Am. (FHA)

organizations formed for agricultural training

Alexander Graham Bell

1. patented his first telephone in 1876

2. Bell Telephone Co. began in 1877

Thomas Edison

1. Greatest inventor in history

2. invented the incandescent lamp

capitalism

“Free enterprise system”; the ability to make your own economic choices

America’s rise to prosperity

1. Strong American character

2. Free enterprise system

3. New inventions & Discoveries

4. Abundant natural resources

5. large labor force

6. surplus capital (money for business)

7. the civil war

8. cheap transportation

Henry Bessemer (& William Kelly)

created the Bessemer process to convert iron to steel (1860s)

Andrew Carnegie

American entrepreneur; became the legally producer of steel in the world

J.P. Morgan

bought Carnegie’s company & formed the U.S. steel corporation

Edwin Drake

drilled the U.S.’s 1st oil well in Northwestern PA

John D. Rockefeller

owned the Standard Oil Company which controlled 90% of America’s oil production by 1900

Philip D. Armour

founder of a large meatpacking firm who contributed to church ed. Institutions

Henry C. FLick

donated millions to church organizations & Ed. institutions

New England

known for textiles and shoes

Western Regions

meatpacking & flour milling

New South

The South post Civil War

Birmingham

center of southern iron & steel

corporation

a business that has received a charter from the state government

capital

money used for business operations to make more money

stock

(those who purchase the stock) earn dividends (profit) on each share, they can also sell their stock as the value of a business increases

Proprietorship

business owned by 1 person

Partnership

a business owned by 2 or more individuals

Trusts

several similar businesses controlled by a board of trustees to eliminate competition

Monopolies

large business organizations that provide important commodities; they control a specific market of goods

Adam Smith

1. scottish professor of philosophy

2. wrote Wealth of Nations (1776)

3. largely responsible for the laissez faire policy

4. one of the earliest advocates of capitalism

Oliver Hudson Kelly

founded the grange; a pro farming organization that influenced political decisions

Free-Silver Movement

wanted the government to purchase & coin ALL silver in America

Bland-Allison Act

provided for a limited amount of silver to be minted each month

James Garfield

assassinated a few months into presidency

Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC)

regulated trade on trains between the states; America’s 1st regulatory agency

The populist Party

formed during Benjamin Harrison’s administration

Sherman Anti-trust Act

1890’ broke up trusts & big businesses

Homestead Strike

demonstration against Carnegie Steel for higher wages

Coxey’s Army

group of unemployed men that marched to the capital in retaliation to the panic of 1893

The Pullman Strike

affected states & businesses across America that used railways

McKinley Tariff

1890, added a higher degree of protection to American industry than any tariff before this

Reciprocity Clause

reciprocal trade agreement with other nations

Pacific Garden Missions

rescue missions for the outcasts of society

William Booth

founded the Salvation Army to provide for physical & spiritual needs

YWCA

Young Women’s Christian Association that branched from the YWCA

Dwight L. Moody

one of America’s greatest urban evangelists

Ira Sankey

song leader for D.L.M.

Moody Bible Institute

founded to provide young people with training for Christian services

T. DeWitt Talmage

spoke to larger audiences than anyone in America until this time

Sam Jones

“They Moody of the South”

B.H. Carroll

An Interpretation of the English Bible

Sheldon Jackson

evangelist to remote places of America

Clara Barton

founded “The American Red Cross”

Student Volunteer Movement

sought the “evangelization of the world in this generation”