kaap309 ch 5 histology

ectoderm

outermost layer of embryonic tissues, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

mesoderm

middle layer of embryonic tissue, becomes mesenchyme, which becomes cardiac muscle, bone, and blood

endoderm

innermost layer of embryonic tissues, gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive/respiratory tracts and digestive glands

four primary tissues:

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

apical surface of epitheal tissue:

borders open space

basal surface of epitheleal tissue

the surface that attaches to the underlying connective tissue.

shapes of epithelial tissue:

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

squamous

easy diffusion and secretion, found in lungs kidneys and vessel

cuboidal

secretion and absorption, found in kidneys glands and liver

columnar

secretion and absorption, found in GI gallbladder and uterus

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

secretion, propel mucus, found in trachea, upper respiratory tract, in sperm carrying ducts and glands

stratified squamous epithelium

protection, found in esophagus, mouth, vagina, skin

startified cubodial epithelium

secretion, found in sweat glands, ovaries, testes

transitional epithelium

stretches, found in urinary tract and bladder

connective tissue key characteristics:

has more extracellular matrix than actual cells, has a common origin

loose areolar connective tissue

support, defense, storage, found everywhere

adipose (fat)

support, defense, insulation, storage, found everywhere

loose reticular connective tissue

support defense cells, found in lymphoid organs

dense regular connective tissue

strength, found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

dense irregular connective tissue

durability, withstand stress from multiple directions, fund in capsules, dermis, digestive tract, sheath around cartilage bone

dense elastic tissue

recoil, found in arteries, vocal cords, some spinal ligaments

hyaline cartilage

support and cushion, found in ends of bones, nose, trachea, larynx

elastic cartilage

shape and flexibility, found in external ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

strength and shock absorption, found in intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis

bone

hard, calcified matrix (osteons) with peripheral osteocytes, tree ring pattern, support and protection

blood

cells (erythrocytes) surronded by fluid (plasma), carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, etc

muscle tissue

contraction and movement, can be volunutary or involuntary,

skeletal muscle

long cylindrical shaped with many nuclei, visible striations

smooth muscle

spindle shapped with one central nucleus, no visible striations, found in digestion urinary tract bladder uterus and blood vessels

cardiac muscle

branching cells with one central nucleus, cells connected by intercalated discs, found in heart

nerve tissue

respond to stimuli, transmit impulse

neurons

highly specialized nerve cells

neuroglia

support, insulate, and protect neurons

exocrine glands

stay connected to outside and form duct

endogrine glands

start connected, form blood capillary, and become totally embedded in connective tissue

three types of exocrine glands:

simple coiled tubular gland (sweat gland) , compound aclnar gland (mammary gland), compound tubuloacinar (pancreas)

eccrine gland

directly disperse into outside

apocrine

expelled in enclosed vesicle

holocrine

form multiple cells inside duct then expel

cutaneous membrane

kaeratinized startified squamous epithelium attached to connective tissue, only dry membrane, epidermis to dermis, skin

mucous membrane

stratified squamous/simple columnar over a layer of areolar connective tissue, found in all body cavities that connect to outside world (digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, wet

serous membrane

simple squamous (mesothelium) over thin layer of areolar connective tissue, line all body cavities that do not open to outside world (pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum), wet