APUSH Period 1 & 2

What two settlements were the first successful British colonies?

Jamestown and Plymouth (blueprint for 13 colonies)

Spanish Social Hierarchy

Peninsulares (Europeans born in Europe)

Creoles (Europeans born in Americas)

Mestizos (part native) and Mullatoes (part African)

Haciendas

conquistadors' HUGE plantations / land for mining or agriculture (promoted Encomienda System)

Positive and Negative effects of forced Christianity by Spanish

GOOD - Catholicism spread

BAD - brutal treatment towards natives

Who founded Florida?

Ponce de Leon (1527)

Spain

Oldest continuous US settlement

St. Augustine (Spanish Ponce de Leon)

*Why didn't the Spanish travel north of Florida?

No gold and didn't want to fight English (would fight for their $$$ colonies)

*Similarity between French and Spanish

Didn't plan on staying long... no families

*Coronado

Spanish explorer seeking 7 Cities of Gold... found Grand Canyon and Plains Indians

Champlain

established fur trade in Quebec... French

*Marquette and Joliet

founded upper and lower Louisiana... isolated Spanish Florida and stopped British from moving west

Dutch Colonies

Hudson founded Hudson River... small groups with less intermarrying than French... fur traders

British colonies were mostly...

farming families seeking better lives and religious freedom

Fur Trade Competition

French + Hurons VS Dutch + Iroquois

Patroons

land and men given to loyal Dutch explorers

New Amsterdam

not religious based Dutch society

Motives for English settlers

Spread Protestantism and Social Crises

Factors Encouraging People to Leave Britain

Overpopulation (from Columbian Exchange) and Primogenture (oldest male gets land)

Enclosure Movment

Why did England start exploring later?

competition with Spanish navy and internal conflicts

The French and Spanish spread what religion in the New World?

Catholicism

The English spread what religion in the New World?

Protestantism

Corporate Colonies

operated through Joint Stock Companies (Jamestown)

Royal Colonies

direct rule of king's government (Virginia)

Proprietary Colonies

Run by people granted charters from king (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Carolina)

Jamestown was initially intended to be a...

fort against Spanish

Main crop of Jamestown

Tobacco (Virginia Co. and John Rolf)

Headright System

rewarded land for paying for passage of a European

First Royal Colony

Jamestown (Virginia Stock Co --> James I)

Puritans vs Pilgrims

Puritans want to PURIFY

Pilgrims want to completely SEPARATE

Plymouth

Pilgrims seeking religious freedom... Mayflower... fish, fur, lumber

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans led by John Winthrop... Congregational church (group of visible saints make decisions)... town meetings

John Winthrop

leader of MA Bay colony who wanted perfect, church-focused society (City on a Hill)

Haven for British Catholics

Maryland (Calvert founded Baltimore)

Acts of Toleration

religious freedom granted to all Christians in Maryland

MA Bay Colony's 3 Problems

1) Social (halfway covenant = solution)

2) Ideological (antinomians like Rhode Island's Williams and Hutchinson)

3) Foreign Interference (mercantilism in Dominion of NE)

Antinomian

wanted complete separation of church and state

*An Economy is Based on...

Geography and Climate

Natural Resources

Human Capital

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written consitution

Connecticut

Hooker's Hartford + Davenport's New Haven

New Hapshire

last NE colony founded to increase Royal control (royal colony)

Carolinas

founded to grow food for Caribbean... slavery expanded with Rice Revolution

New Jersey

Berkely and Carteret

Pennsylvania (Holy Experiment)

Proprietary (Penn), extreme hospitality and diversity led to political chaos

Georgia was created to...

buffer to protect Carolinas from Spanish... send imprisoned debtors

Causes of Salutary Neglect

distance

English internal problems

corrupt British agents

Virginia House of Burgesses

first representative assembly in Americas run by elite farmers

Mayflower Compact

pledge to make decisions based on majority... hints towards constitution

Navigation Acts

enforced mercantilism

1) trade only uses English/colony ships and crews

2) nearly all colonial imports pass thru English ports

3) Enumerated goods from colonies can ONLY be exported to England (tobacco)

Positive effects of Navigation Acts

helped NE shipbuilding, Chesapeake tobacco monopoly in England, English military protection

Negative effects of Navigation Acts

stunted colony's economy, high prices of English manufactured goods, low prices of crops

Colonial Crises

Maryland Uprising

Dominion of NE

Salem Witch Trials

Maryland Uprising

Protestants overthrow Catholic government

Dominion of New England

NY + NJ + NE colonies joined together to increase royal control... people of Boston throw out Andros' royals and Glorious Revolution puts things back to normal

Sir Edmund Andros

Governed Dominion of New England, levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles

New England Confederation

alliance between Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut, and MA Bay to protect against Natives, Dutch, and French... *colonies unified for a common purpose*

Metacom's War in New England

NE Confederation and Native Allies won, ending Native resistance in NE

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

exposed class differences, native vs European problems, and colonial resistance

Pueblo Revolt

Pueblo tribes united and temporarily drove out Spanish... more lenient and stable when Spanish returned

Why were indentured servants used more in Maryland and Virginia?

Couldn't afford African slaves

Slavery in NE vs Middle vs Southern

least in NE

some in middle (port cities need sailors)

most in Southern (plantations)

**British West Indian sugar islands had MOST

Causes of Increased Demand or Enslaved Africans

1) reduced migration (+ wages in England)

2) wanted dependable workforce (Bacon's Rebellion)

3) Low-cost labor (new cash crops needed cheap labor)

Fewer internal problems in England led to...

increase of non-English European Immigrants (Germans, Scotch-Irish, Dutch, Huguenots, Swedes)

What pushed the Protestant Scotch-Irish to move to the Americas?

tension with British

The Germans had no interest in ___________ and settled on __________

English politics

Farms of West PA

Examples of native alliances with other natives

Powhaten Confederation or Iroquois Confederation

New Concepts in Colonial Society

Religious toleration

Economic classes

Social mobility (hard work rewarded)

What inspired the House of Burgesses?

Magna Carta

Divide between Virginian Landowners

Eastern wealthy and powerful landowners VS Western poor, democratic landowners

New England Economy

Bad soil and winters = subsistence farming... ships, fish, trade, and rum

Middle Colonies Economy

rich soil = WHEAT and CORN... trade in Philly and NY... some iron manufacturing

Southern Colonies Economy

most subsistence, some plantations... TOBACCO in Chesapeake / NC... TIMBER and NAVAL STORES in Carolinas... RICE and INDIGO in Georgia / SC

Established Church

particular Protestant denomination people supported

Old Lights

rational appeal

educated ministry

established classes