Imperial Image (Timeline of Events Overview) - OCR Classical Civilisation

44 BC

- March 15-Assassination of Julius Caesar.

-May- Octavian arrives in Rome and meets with Antony.

-Julius Caesar's comet appears during the games in honour of Venus. Interpreted as a sign of Julius Caesar's deification.

43 BC

-The senate declares war against Antony.

-April 21- Octavian fights alongside the consuls Hirtius and Pansa against Antony at the Battle of Mutina.

-Octavian marches on Rome.

- August 19- Octavian becomes consul following the deaths of both Hiritus and Pansa.

-November 27- The Lex Titia is passed, which legitimised the second Triumvirate and gave them extraordinary powers.

-The second Triumvirate's campaign of proscriptions begins.

-The orator Cicero delivers a series of speeches against Antony known as the Philippics. Some of these speeches champion Octavian as an ally of the Republic.

42 BC

-January 1- Julius Caesar proclaimed a god.

-October 23- Octavian and Antony avenge Julius Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi.

-The Second Triumvirate sieze land across Italy to give to their war veterans.

-November 16- Tiberius is born.

-Octavian orders the Temple of Divus Iulus to be built in the Roman Forum.

-Octavian vows to build a temple to Mars Ultor.

41 BC

-Antony meets Cleopatra at Tarsus.

-Octavian fights the Perusine War against Mark Antony's brother (Lucius Antonius) and wife (Fulvia).

-Propertius writes Elegies 1.22, which bemoans the destructive effect of the Perusine War on his hometown.

40 BC

- The Treaty of Brundisium signed between the triumvirs.

- Octavian given the western Empire to govern, Antony given the Eastern Empire to govern an Lepidus given the African provinces to govern.

-Octavian orders the deaths of around 300 senators and equites who had allied with Lucius Antonius and Fulvia against him in the Perusine war.

-Antony marries Octavian's sister, Octavia.

39BC

-The Second Triumvirate make a pact with Sextus Pompeius to end his blockade of Rome's grain supply.

-October 30- Julia the Elder born to Octavian and Scribonia.

-Octavian divorces Scribonia and marries Livia.

38 BC

-Octavian begins a war against Sextus Pompeius.

-Virgil publishes his Eclogues. The fourth book contains a famous passage which refers to a blessed child/messiah who will bring about a golden age of peace and prosperity.

37 BC

-Antony marries Cleopatra

36 BC

-Octavia and Agrippa lead an invasion of Sicily against Sextus Pompeius.

-Lepidus attempts to take over Sicily, but Octavian convinces Lepidus' men to mutiny.

-Lepidus stripped of his powers as a triumvir.

35 BC

-Octavian campaigns in Dalmatia.

34 BC

-Antony celebrates a triumph in Alexandria known as the 'Donations of Alexandria'.

33 BC

-Octavian takes the consulship for the second time.

-Antony attempts to declare Cleopatra's son Caesarion (the alleged son of Julius Caesar) as Julius Caesar's official heir.

32 BC

-Octavian seizes Antony's will from the Temple of Vesta and reads it to the Senate.

-The senate declares against Cleopatra, electing Octavian as the leader of the war effort.

-Work begins on the Mausoleum of Augustus.

-32-29 Coin- bare head of Octavian, Pax standing left holding olive branch and cornucopia.

31 BC

-Octavian takes the consulship for the third time.

-September 2- The Battle of Actium.

-Portrait bust of Livia

30 BC

-Octavian takes the consulship for the fourth time.

-Octavian invades Egypt.

-August 1- Antony's death.

-August 12- Cleopatra's death.

-Octavian orders Caesarion and Antony's eldest son by Cleopatra to be killed. The rest of Antony and Cleopatra's children are taken to Rome and cared for by Octavia.

-Horace Epode 9

-Augustus and Isis relief, Kalabsha gate.

29 BC

- Octavian takes the consulship for the fifth time.

- August 13-15- Octavian celebrates three consecutive triumphs (triple triumph).

-Arch of Augustus built to commemorate his triple triumph.

28 BC

-Octavian takes the consulship for the sixth time. Agrippa's second consulship.

-Octavian carries out a census of the Senate.

-Octavian opens the Temple of Apollo Palatinus, next to his home on the Palatine hill in Rome.

-Coin- head of Octavian, Octavian seated on bench holding scroll.

27 BC

-Octavian takes the consulship for the seventh time. Agrippa's third consulship.

-January 16- The 'First Settlement', which included:

=The laws and rights of the Roman people restored.

= The Senate confers the name 'Augustus' on Octavian.

=Augustus given control over Spain, Gaul, Syria and Egypt, as well as imperium for a period of ten years.

=The Senate dedicates the clipeium virtutis to commemorate Augustus' virtues.

-Augustus on campain in Gaul.

26 BC

-Augustus takes the consulship for the eighth time.

25 BC

-Augustus takes the consulship for the ninth time.

-Julia the Elder married to Marcellus (Octavia's son).

-Augustus returns from campaign and closes the gates of the Temple of Janus.

24 BC

-Augustus takes the consulship for the tenth time.

23 BC

-Augustus takes the consulship for the eleventh time.

-Augustus falls ill and nearly dies.

-The 'Second Settlement'

=Augustus lays down the consulship, to allows other noblemen the chance to hold the highest office in the land.

=Augustus awarded tribunician power and Maius Imperium, two powers which gave him authority and influence, despite not being consul.

-Marcellus (The son of Octavia) dies.

-Propertius 3:11

-Horace: Odes 1.37, 3.6, 3.14

22 BC

-Rioting breaks out, which prompts the Senate to offer Augustus the dictatorship. He refuses.

21 BC

-Augustus forces Agrippa to divorce his wife and marry Julia the Elder.

20 BC

-Peace negotiated between the Roman and Parthian empires.

-Augustus travels to Greece.

-Birth of Gaius.

-Prima Porta Statue commissioned (bronze original)

-Construction on Forum of Augustus begins.

-Propertius: Elegies 3.4,3.12

19 BC

-Birth of Julia the Younger

-Agrippa campaigns in Spain.

-Augustus' return from the East is celebrated with the dedication of a new altar of Fortuna Redux.

-The 'Third Settlement'

=the Senate vote Augustus consular imperium for life. This also give him the ability to wear the consul's insignia in public, regardless of whether or not he held the consulship at that time.

-Virgil dies.

-19-18 Coin- Portrait of Augustus with laurel wreath, eight rayed comet with tail pointing upward.

18 BC

-The first Leges Iuliae passed, regulating adultery and marriage, as well as electoral fraud.

17 BC

-Birth of Lucius

-Augustus adopts his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius.

-May 31-June 3- Carmen Saecular Games are celebrated heralding the beginning of a new age.

-Horace: Carmen Saecular

16 BC

-Actian Games celebrated at Nikopolis.

-Propertius: Elegied 4.6

15 BC

Virgil's Aeneid published.

14 BC

n/a

13 BC

-Tiberius takes the consulship for the first time.

-Work on the Ara Pacis begins.

-Horace: Odes 4.15, 4.4

12 BC

-Death of Agrippa

-Death of Lepidus.

-Augustus elected Pontifex Maximus.

-Coin- Bareheaded portrait of Augustus, sacrificial implements above the tripod and patera.

11 BC

-Tiberius campaigns in Pannonia and Dalmatia.

-Tiberius forced to divorce his wife Vipsania so that the can marry Julia the Elder, Aprippa's widow.

10 BC

n/a

9 BC

-Theatre of Marcellus opens to the public.

-Dedication of the Ara Pacis.

8 BC

-The sixth month, Sextiis, renamed 'August' in honour of Augustus.

-Tiberius on campaigns in Germany.

-Death of Maecenas.

7 BC

-Tiberius takes the consulship for the second time.

6 BC

n/a

5 BC

-The Senate declares Gaius and Lucius Princeps Iuventutis.

4 BC

4-2 Coin- Gaius and Lucius as Princeps Iuventutis (Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing veiled with shields and priestly symbols), Augustus head laureate.

3 BC

n/a

2 BC

-Augustus takes the consulship for the thirteenth time.

-Augustus declared Pater Patriae (father of the state).

-Julia the Elder sent into exile.

1 BC

n/a

1 AD

-Gaius takes the consulship for the first time.

2 AD

-Augustus 20- Death of Lucius.

-The Forum of Augustus opened and the Temple of Mars Ultor dedicated.

3 AD

n/a

4 AD

-April 23- Death of Gaius.

-Augustus adopts Tiberius.

5 AD

n/a

6 AD

n/a

7 AD

n/a

8 AD

-Julia the Younger sent into exile.

-Ovid's Metamorphoses published.

9 AD

-Agrippa Postumus sent into exile.

-The general Varus suffers a catastrophic defeat in Germany, resulting in the massacre of three legions.

-The Lex Papia Poppeia introduces further regulations on marriage.

10 AD

n/a

11 AD

n/a

12 AD

n/a

13 AD

-Tiberius given maius imperium.

-The Res Gestae finished and deposited with the Vestal Virgins.

14 AD

-August 19- Death of Augustus.