APUSH Periods 1-3 Vocab

Native American Cultures (Southwest, Great Plains, Northeast) - Southwest (Pueblo)

Lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize & other agricultural products. Cliff dwellings. Great Basin & Great Plains (Sioux): lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic lifestyle & the importance of hunting buffalo. Atlantic coast & Northeast (Iroquois): mix of agricultural & hunter-gathering societies. Established permanent villages.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other. Europeans learned about new plants and foods (beans, corns, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco). Europeans introduced sugar cane, pigs, and horses as well as the wheel, iron, and guns. Native Americans gave Europeans syphilis and Europeans brought smallpox to Native Americans.

Spanish Colonization

Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. God, Gold, & Glory.

Encomienda System

Spanish king gave land grants and natives to individual Spaniards. Indians were exploited, had to farm or work in the mines for the Spanish who in turn "cared" for them. European diseases brutality reduced the native population.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

He defended the Spanish "right" to conquer Native Americans because he thought that the Native Americans were barbaric and savage which justified the poor treatment of the Native Americans.

Bartolome de as Casas

A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially the encomienda system. Advocated for the rights of Native Americans to King Charles of Spain.

French Colonization

First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. French primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. The French viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies, maintained good relations with Natives. Frontier of Inclusion.

Dutch Colonization

Henry Hudson established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam (later New York) for economic gain.

English Colonization

Sir Walter Raleigh first attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island in North Carolina in 1587 but failed. Jamestown established 1607. Treated Native Americans with exclusion because they did not use them as a labor force or intermarry because the English came in families. They worked together at first but later expelled Natives from the land the wanted.

Capitalism

Economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit. Risk rewarded with profits. Ex: Joint Stock Companies.

Pilgrims

The Pilgrims were separatists who broke away from the Church of England. Settled in Plymouth in 1620. Mayflower Compact established self-government in the colony.

Salutary Neglect

A period from 1607-1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as almost independent states for many years.

Indentured Servants

Contracted labor for a fixed term in exchange for the cost of their passage to the new world. Most were young unskilled males serving 2-7 years. Headright Grants encouraged land owners to use indentured servants.

Roger Williams

He was forced out of Massachusettscolony for promoting religious freedom and questioning treatment of Native Americans. Later, established the colony of Rhode Island which became the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts because she attacked the Puritan doctrine of predestination and gender roles.

King Phillip's War

Native Americans in New England led by Chief Metacom (King Phillip) resist Puritan expansion but lose. The significant is that Native Americans will never again seriously threaten the existence of the New England colonies.

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Slave Trade)

Backbone of New England economy during the colonial period.
Example: Manufactured goods and rum for slaves in Africa, slaves traded for sugar and molasses in Caribbean, then ships return to New England with sugar to make rum.

Middle Passage

Part of triangular trade-trip from Africa to the new world where many slaves died from the horrid conditions.

New England Colonies

Colonial society in the North was more religious, family oriented and small family farms with diverse crops was the norm. Economy was diverse but good ports provided basis of their economy. Slavery was not profitable.

Southern Colonies

Severe class system. Economy centered on large single crop plantations. Many indentured servants/African slaves. Rural.

Middle Colonies

Known as the Bread colonies for their production of wheat and grain. Economically diversified because of rich soil for large scale agriculture and good ports for shipping industries. More freedom of religion in these colonies made them the most ethnically diverse region in the American colonies.

John Locke

English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institue a new government.

George Whitefield

Anglican minister from England. He was a great orator, his preaching had a power effect and was emotional and brought people to tears and to God. Leader of the Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards is another minister to known because of famous "sinners in the hands of an angry God" sermon.

Mercantilism

Called for colonies to bring wealth to their mother country England. It was a system of regulations in which the government will intervene in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. Navigation laws and trade restrictions re example.

Navigation Acts

Forbid American trade with any country not ruled by England. Intended to make England wealthy by stating the colonies existed as both suppliers of raw materials and markets for English manufactured goods. Many of the products could only go to England (sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, rice, indigo, furs, skins, pine masts, resin). Smuggling became common.

Jamestown

First permanent English colony in America founded by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company. Starvation was the major problem; Virginia becomes successful when John Role begins growing tobacco for export.

House of Burgesses (1619)

Virginia formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Becomes example for all other colonies to create colonial legislatures as well.

Puritans

The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. Governor John Winthrop called for them to be a "city upon a hill."

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon and other former indentured servants attacked the government of Virginia for failing to protect them from Native Americans. Rebels are defeated but as a result the wealthy landowners decided that a more controllable workforce was needed so turned to African slaves.

Quakers

Known as Society of Friends. Were among the first colonists to call for abolition of slavery. Colony of Pennsylvania was founded as a haven for Quakers by William Penn in 1681.

Enlightenment

Cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in late 17th century Europe emphasizing reason rather than tradition. The political ideals of the enlightenment later influenced the American Declaration of Independence.

Great Awakening

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. It led to the founding of higher learning colleges like Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth. It broke down sectional boundaries and denominational lines.

Zenger Trial

1734-1735 in NY; newspaper printer John Peter Zenger exposed the corrupt royal governor and was charged with libel; was declared innocent and it was a great victory for freedom of the press.

Albany Conference (1754)

British colonies met to talk about common concerns such as westward expansion, Indian relations, and French aggression. Franklin wrote a proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Franklin created “Join of Die” cartoon but colonies rejected Franklin’s Plan of Union.

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

War between England and France known as French & Indian War. Started over control of Ohio River Valley and resulted in France’s removal from North America.

Pontiacs Rebellion (1763)

Indian rebellion led by Chief Pontiac shortly after the end of the Seven Years War. Attacked British forts in the West leading to Proclamation of 1763.

Proclamation of 1763

British government reserves land west of the Appalachian Mountains as Indian Country. No settlements were to be made by American colonists. Colonists are unhappy and disobey the order.

Stamp Act (1765)

Passed by British parliament to raise revenue from the American colonies by a tax in the form of a stamp on all newspapers, cards, legal and documents. England repeals due to resistance by colonists but Declaratory Act promised future taxation.

Stamp Act Congress, 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies met and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies. “No taxation without representation.” Called for non-importation (boycott) of British goods.

Sons of Liberty

Political organization which formed to organize resistance to the Stamp Act. Leaders included Sam Adams, John Hancock and Paul Revere. Later resist Tea Act and participated in Boston Tea Party.

Townshed Acts

Another series of revenue measures, passed by England in 1767. It taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they instituted another movement to stop importing British goods. England sends soldiers to the colonies to enforce the Acts.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British troops opened fire on Boston civilians after months of increasing tension over the occupation of Boston to enforce collection of Townshed Revenue Act. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment. Paul Revere’s “Bloody Massacre” engraving spreads through colonies. In aftermath, Townshed Act taxes are repealed except tea.

Committee of Correspondence

Kept Americans informed about British measures that would affect the colonies. Spread idea that British were undermining colonial liberties.

Tea Act of 1773

British Parliament gives monopoly to sell tea in America to the British East India Tea Company. Price of tea is lowered but still is taxed by Parliament. Leads to Boston Tea Party to prevent taxed tea from reaching shore.

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of acts passed by British Parliament to punish Americans for Boston Tea Party. Acts included Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act and Quartering Act. Colonists also considered Quebec Act to be intolerable.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government; stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion.

Lexington & Concord

General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was “shot heard ‘round the world”.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense in 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4. It dissolved the colonies’ ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation. Written by Thomas Jefferson.

American Revolution

War fought to win independence. Foreign assistance was vital to the American victory. Saratoga was the turning point battle because the victory convinced the French to join the war and help Americans win independence. The Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Loyalists/Tories

Not all Americans supported independence. Many colonists decided to be loyal to Britain. Many were recent immigrants to the colonies.

Articles of Confederation

The A of C delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles’ weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country united. The Articles were eventually abandoned for a new Constitution. 1781-1789.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S. in the Northwest Territory.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood. All new states are equal to original 13.

Shay’s Rebellion (1786)

Under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles weren’t working effectively.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

A series of compromises produced the present U.S. Constitution which created a stronger federal government in relation to the states (federalism).

The Great Compromise

Settled the differences between the Virginia Plan that favored large states with representation based on population and the New Jersey Plan that favored small states with equal representation by creating a bicameral Congress with on house based on population and equal representation in the other.

Three-Fifths Compromise

In determining the population of a state every five slaves will be counted as three people.

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

Federalists supported the Constitution and worked toward its ratification in the states, they were mostly wealthy and opposed anarchy. Their leaders included Jay, Hamilton, and Madison, who wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution. Anti-federalists were concerned about giving more power to the federal government. They wanted strong states’ rights.

Bill of Rights (1791)

Anti-federalist fears of losing their liberties were eased by the 1st amendments to the constitution that outlined American liberties. 1st Amendment = freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom of the press. 10th Amendment = States rights amendment. Any power not specifically granted to federal government in Constitution is reserved for the states.

Washington’s Cabinet

A group of advisors to the president. Not created by Constitution but tradition created by Washington.

Sec of the Treasury Hamilton

A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the

Sec of State Jefferson

A leading Democratic-Republican, he opposed Hamilton’s ideas. Washington tended to side with Hamilton. so Jefferson resigned.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Designed to stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S'.’s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey. George Washington put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles to deal with Shay’s Rebellion.

Jays’s Treaty (1795)

Was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was not popular but avoided conflict with England.

Pickney’s Treaty (1795)

Between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)

After stepping down from power creating the two term tradition Washington warned against the dangers of political parties, foreign alliances, and international entanglements especially between Britain and France.

Federalist Party

Led by Alexander Hamilton.

Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution. Federalists supported Britain.

Democratic-Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Wanted a weak central government and more state power and individual rights. Had a strict interpretation of the Constitution. More popular in the South and with the lower classes, especially farmers. Felt that France was the U.S.’s most important ally.

XYZ Affair / Quasi War

France began to break off relations with the U.S. President Adams sent delegates to meet with French in the hopes of working things out. American delegates told they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters “X, Y, and Z” for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. The French had begun seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay’s Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The undeclared naval war became especially violent after the X,Y,Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 ended the conflict. Peacefully.

Alien & Sedition Act (1798)

President John Adams and the Federalists increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. They did this to try and control public opinion and hold onto power. Alien & Sedation acts expired after Adams presidency and was not renewed by Democratic-Republicans.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions(1798)

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Midnight Judges

On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts in an effort to maintain Federalist control of the government. (The Federalists had lost the presidency and much of Congress to the Republicans.) These newly-appointed Federalist judges were called midnight judges because John Adams had stayed up until midnight signing the appointments. Leads to case of Marbury v. Madison.

Abigail Adams

Wife of 2nd President John Adams. During he Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband urging him to remember America’s women in the new government he was helping to create. “Remember the ladies.”

Republican Motherhood

Post-Revolutionary ideology that women played an indispensable role by training future citizens. Even though women were still forbidden from directly being involved with politics, it opened more educational opportunities for them.

Marbury V Madison

The Supreme Court can review laws and actions that conflict with the Constitution and can determine them to be unconstitutional.

American System by Henry Clay

Henry Clay's American System was a 19th-century economic plan to unify the U.S. through three key components: protective tariffs to boost American manufacturing, a national bank (Second Bank of the U.S.) to stabilize currency and credit, and federal funding for internal improvements (roads, canals) to connect regions and markets for agriculture, with revenues from land sales funding these projects, aiming for a self-sufficient national economy.  

Transportation Revolution

Henry Clay's American System was a 19th-century economic plan to unify the U.S. through three key components: protective tariffs to boost American manufacturing, a national bank (Second Bank of the U.S.) to stabilize currency and credit, and federal funding for internal improvements (roads, canals) to connect regions and markets for agriculture, with revenues from land sales funding these projects, aiming for a self-sufficient national economy.