Oceanography Chapter 1 Study Guide

Azoic Theory

created by Edward Forbes; life could not exist 600m below sea level

Cartography

the creating of maps

Challenger Expedition

1872-1876, collected thousands of samples throughout the oceans, covered 127,000 km

Charles Wilkes

Navy Lt. 4 yr expedition was known for not being remembered/overseen, 346 men covered 800 miles

Charlie Yentsch

pioneer of modernized oceanography, proved you can see phytoplankton from satellites

Chronometer

a watch that tracked correct time as a voyager traveled to different areas of the world

Echo Sounder

used for deep ocean measurements using sound waves

Edward Forbes

came up with the Azoic Theory

Eratosthenes of Cyrene

the second librarian at Alexandria, was the first to calculate the circumference of Earth

Experiment

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery

Ferdinand Magellan

Voyaged in the East Indie, discovered the Strait of Magellan to avoid ice burgs

Fish Commission

1871: government preserved fisheries in the U.S., later became known as NOAA

Fridtjof Nansen

drifted in ice from 1893-1896 in the Arctic Ocean to know if there was an Arctic Continent

Glomar Challenger

1968: drilling ship that could drill 20,000 ft deep

Henry Bryant Bigelow

founder of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)

Henry The Navigator

organized expeditions, prince of Portugal, sent 30 ships to Africa

Hypothesis

a testable prediction

James Cook

(1728-1779) Led 3 major voyages of discovery, was a part of the thousands of samples found in the ocean

John Harrison

1730 he created the Chronometer

Latitude

lines that go North and South

Longitude

Lines that go East and West

Library of Alexandria

Third Century B.C.E. Library with an accumulation of ancient writings and maps from all the ships that visited the area

Magnetic Compass

a device used to show where North is relative to where you are

Marine Science

the study of the ocean and all the life within the ocean

Matthew Fontaine Maury

was the first to study the oceans currents, was the author of The Physical Geography of The Sea

Meteor Expedition

expedition of the Atlantic Ocean, collected data on currents, temperature, salinity, and oxygen

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

fisheries conservation organization

Northwest Passage

a commercial sea route to the North from North America that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Oceanography

The study of the Ocean

Prime Meridian

An invisible line that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole, runs through Greenwich England, is used as 0 degrees for Longitude  

Roald Amundsen

founded the North West passage

R/V Chikyu

2007- drilling ship, could drill 7 miles deep

Science

the systematic process of asking questions through observation and study

Scientific Method

observe something, ask questions, create a hypothesis, then test predictions from theories and laws, questions those theories, then test them

Scientific Theory

an evidence based explanation of something in its natural world

Sir John Murray

student of Charles Wyville, convinced the government to give his crew a ship and materials to lead the first scientific expedition that was solely based on Marine Science

Sir John Ross

(1776-1856)- observed the ocean currents, tides, and bottom depths, set out in 1818 looking for the NW Passage

Spencer Fullerton Baird

the first commissioner of the Fish Commission in 1871

Voyaging

traveling and navigating through the sea/ocean

World Ocean

large bodies of connected water ways that make up the water on Earth