ARKY 303 M2

Paleoindian archaeological cultures after folsom

-After Clovis and Folsom we see an increasing diversity of projectile point types
-Disappearance of fluting
-Diversification of subsistence base
-Evolution of hunting methods

Cody Knife

-Specialized tools with an offset or angled stem
-Basic design similar across large areas of western North America
-Date to around 9000 BP, and found with Scottsbluff, Eden and Plainview Points

The San Dieguito Complex

-california key site
-(11,000-8,000 BP)
-Located in southwestern and southern California
-25 burials with associated grave goods
-Representative of high levels of cultural diversity associated with Late Paleoindian times (climate change)

Cedros Island

-california key site
-(12,000-10,000 BP)
-Important evidence for western coastal migration route
-An attractive area for its rich marine environment
-Earliest fishhooks in the Americas, 11,000BP
-Similar to later artifacts found down the western coast of South America

Key Northeastern sites

-Debert Site, Nova Scotia (10,600 BP): Tool Kit consisted of Debert points (a local fluted point); gravers; scrapers; awls; drills; spoke shaves; and large amounts of detritus, Large organized campsite with evidence for long occupation
-Bull Brook, Massachusetts (10,500 BP): Tool Kit consisted of Clovis-like Fluted Points; scrapers; gravers; spurred endscrapers; prismatic flake Clovis blades; and cores from which blades would have been struck
-Vail Site, Maine (10,500 BP): Tool Kit Similar to Debert, but with points that more closely resemble Clovis

Mid South Sites

-Tend to be located on hill tops and in river valleys, Unlike Northeastern Groups it is possible sites were set up as base camps near quarry sites, foraging locations, and hunting locations
-Shoop Site, Pennsylvania (11,000 BP)
-Shawnee Minisink Site, Pennsylviania (10,700-10,500 BP)
-Flint-Run Complex, Virginia (11,000 BP) Major sites; Flint Run Quarry; Thunderbird; and Fifty

Eastern Woodlands

-Also referred to as the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition
-Exploitation of a wide range of habitants, requiring high levels of mobility
-Intergroup contact necessary due to low population density and high degree of movement
-Extensive trade and exchange systems

Florida

-Has its own regional variability perhaps suited to wetter, more tropical forests?
-Simpson (12,000-12,500BP)
-Suwannee (10,800-10,000BP)
-Both are medium to large lanceolate points, Suwanne has less of a waist

Paleoindian social organization and settlement

-What we look at: Burial Customs, Subsistence and Settlement, Site Occupation, Long Term Sites (basecamps), Short Term Sites (maintenance tasks), Economic Diversity

Central Based Wandering Strategy

-Relatively little is known from the earliest peoples of Americas
-Likely generalized hunter-gathering groups
-Highly mobile, small groups, egalitarian (shared resources)
-Typically, some larger seasonal gatherings and exchange of members between groups
-Central Based Wandering Strategy The subsistence strategy archaeologists think most nomadic hunter-gatherers follow Includes long term base camp sites, and then nearby a series of maintenance sites
-Forage or hunt near the base camp, smaller groups would go to maintenance sites to complete tasks and return to the basecamp
-Eventually move to another area with its own series of camps and resources

Paleoindian Summary

-Middle Paleoindian Subperiod (11,000-9,000 BP)
-Still have both fluted and unfluted points
-Viewed as a time when the population was adapting to optimum environmental resource zones instead of moving through grassland to follow large animals
-Long-distance travel, focus on high-quality raw materials
-Late Paleoindian Subperiod (9,000 - 7,600 BP)
-Replacement of fluted point forms by nonfluted points is believed to reflect a change in the adaptive strategy
-More specific, complex toolkits to adapt to conditions of local environments
-More generalized hunting of small, modern game, such as deer, and a collecting subsistence strategy
-Heavier reliance on local raw materials

ORIGINS OF THULE

-Lasted from about 2,200BP to 400BP around the Bering Strait
-First defined by Therkel Mathiassen a member of the Fifth Thule Expedition to the Arctic between 1921-1924
-He excavated sites in Baffin bay that he linked to the cultures in Alaska due to the sophisticated whaling technologies
-In Alaska/Siberia we get: Norton Tradition → Old Bering Sea Tradition → Punuk Tradition → Birnirk Tradition → Thule
-These developments show a continuation of culture, tools, and genetics through time
-Clear strong tech links between siberia alaska traditions and the eastern arctic
-Alaska and siberia
-Few cultural breaks before known classic thule

Punuk Tradition

NE siberia NW alaska, same cultural traits of old bering sea-sea mammal hunting, slate knives, iron tools as carving implements (circle and dot designs)-start to see cultural traditions develop and become more defined on alaska coast

Birnirk

-most ancestral group for Thule (6th Century AD) exist on coast as thule expand into arctic-
-burials, harpoon and marine tech (difference form dorset-burials)
-small settlements-focus on whaling is debated (most communities need a significant labour effort, but settlements are so small, not relying on large sea mammals as much).
-Innovate equipment, ice scratchers (hunting seals) toggle headed harpoons, use of ground slate weapons (knives blades, arrows and spearheads)
-genteiacally studied (Haplap group A2A-not same as any dorset studies)

Thule-genetics

linking to siberian coast, not related to dorset or arctic small tool tradition-move into canadian arctic and replace cultures

THULE EXPANSION IN THE EASTERN ARCTIC

-Migrated all over eastern arctic-made it to greenland
Where dorset lived, and expanding where only Astt lived
-Thule cultural tradition develops in-situ in the Bering Strait and then spreads eastward across the arctic around 1000BP
-Expansion was rapid, happened in less than half a century travelling by dog sleds (much quicker)
-Whale hunting? Iron trade?
-Leif Erikson lands in Greenland at 1001 CE
-Movement motivated by entrepreneurial values
-Compared to earlier arctic groups, Thule had better hunting technology, more elaborate social organization, and vastly enhanced mobility by sled and boat
-No evidence of sustained contact of dorset and thule people
-Facilitate-transportation innovations the dorset don't have
-Commercial venture-entrepreneur people who moved in search of more metal to trade with europeans arriving on the eastern shore
-Info transmitted orally across canadian arctic of europeans
-Warfare and raids in this time period
-Exploit wider range of food resources, more organized, and exploit migration routs far distances from their base
-Robust society
-Inhabited The arctic well
-tech made them more well suited than previous traditions
-Europeans have arctic materials
-Carved walrus ivory as far as venice
-People talking and trading Or just talking?
Thule using metal points

Expert whale hunters

Prices on raw materials
Whale bone houses
Food
Calories important
Bones

Thule dorset relationship?

-No evidence for direct contact, Interactions though
-Dorset feature in thule oral history, Referred to as giants
-Knew other people occupying the landscape,
-Dorset artifacts at thule sites, Ceremonial artifacts taken from abandoned sites, Incised dorset harpoons-abandoned have ceremonial meaning
-non -incised only abandoned when broken
-Dorset art at thule sites and harpoons (not toggle headed and incised and whole)
-Mystery today
-Occupying landscape and using each other stuff but probably don't interact
-Dorset disappear from the Arctic almost at the exact same time as the Thule expand into their ancestral lands. Why? Displacement, coincidence, disrupted networks, trade and cultural exchange, Sadlermiut Island???

Dorset displaced or...

assimilated by thule cause of their superior tech, social organization, or conflict
-Actively replacing?
-Strange cause usually there is no genetic replacing, but there isn't a relationship
-Occupying their own parts of the landscape and didn't talk to each other?
-Thule interrupt dorset connection routes?
-Affecting dorset?
-Some dorset pops continued to exist in isolation?
-On Saddlermiut island into 20th century? No genetic studies to know for sure if genetics on this island relate more to dorset or thule ?

THULE TECHNOLOGY

-Introduced kayak and umiak
-Developed new uses of iron and copper And then relied on the use of metal more so than any other pre-contact Indigenous group in NA (Did not smelt their own metals)
-Advanced toggle-head harpoon technology allowed for the hunting of bowhead whales (First groups with bow and harpoon tech to hunt these animals)
-Ceramic production based on Alaska natural materials Later replaced by soap stone in the eastern arctic
-Used bow and arrows as well as drills, technology lost to the Dorset
-Highly sophisticated hunting tech-focused on whale hunting but hunt other animals
-Harpoon heads and needle cases-similar to contemperay examples in alaska
-All raw material from alaska-ceramics (thousands of km east)
-Alaska and early sites-consider initial migration to be rapid, taking everything with them-ceramics made of alaska material, No time taken to adapt to new landscape
-Ground slate tools
-Copper and iron-early groups, Victoria river and site in NW greenland
-So much metal-driven migration?
-Early thule diet salt-obtained through trade, norse pops
-Watercraft and dog sleds

Social characteristics

-thule still made art, but with less detail than Dorset carvings
-Clothing and personal adornment was important, strong sewing skills to make warm arctic clothing Indicated through oral histories & ethnography & archaeologically
-Social standpoint and technical skills-important
-Preservation of some clothing artifacts
-Knew how to sew well-tents, mittens and other cold weather artifacts
-Mukluk boots found at the Birnik site
-Warfare is also indicated by artifacts in the archaeological record, Likely due to competition for resources
-Both copper and ivory slat armor plates have been recovered from various Thule sites
-Dolls carved for use by children
-Resources are scarce-warfare, importance of whaling captain for getting food
-Stealing from other groups
-Tradition in this part of the world

Architecture

-Important for studying any thule sites
-Diff for warm and cold seasons
-Early-larger than dorset sites (hunting bigger animals=more social organization)
-Warm-skin tents (Tupiq), Circular arrangement of stones to weigh down the edges
-Cold-sod or winter houses, Most well studied of inuit culture
-Change through time-but common aspects
-Partially in ground
-Driftwood not common-burned for fuel so whale bone
-Middle-main living space and find vertical stone slabs-stone lamp kept
Sleeping platform-warmer than main living space
-Crawl down (deeper entry) and back up into house-keeps heat inside
-Doing fine motor skill tasks in main living area closer to lamp-see arky
-Deposits change how close or far you are from the lamp
-Snow houses, igloos probably more common in later periods, leave little ethnographic evidence
-Gargi (garivit is plural): ceremonial or gathering building, located near other types of housesbut larger
-Architecture that changes seasonally-see when people were living at sites
Inukshuks

SUBSISTENCE

-Still relied on similar animals and resources as earlier
-Arctic groups, hunting seals, walrus, fish, birds, musox, and caribou
-Gathered plants
-Seasonal bowhead whale hunt Summer and fall communal hunting, Likely indicates social hierarchy to organize
-Becomes less common/important in Eastern arctic through time
-Caches to store excess meat
-Early Inuit tended to be more sedentary than previous groups, -Think more mobile cause transportation-allows for gathering resources from farther away
-Variety based on availability-not following prey-using whats available
-Willow (anti inflammatory properties), berries
-Social hierarchy
Importance of hunting whales for food and housing materials
-Summer-caribou, plants, fish
-Less hunting in winter-using meat caches as they freeze and preserves
-Polar bear trap, Unique feature to eastern high arctic, Ingenious way to hunt
-Also rabbit snares on top of high rocks
-Local developments-show ingenuity of thule for extracting all resources in environment

SKRAELING ISLAND

-Archaeological evidence from 4,500 BP through until contact
-Dorset, Thule, and Norse artifacts found at dozens of archaeological sites on the island
- Combination of artifacts can be found within Thule houses
-Important site for understanding the Thule migration
-Thule arrived to Ellesmere after the Norse Thule left the Bering Strat after climate had warmed
-More region than specific site
-Carving with european features-likely trade or interaction between all arctic groups
-Thule uses stuff from everybody left behind
-Collapsed whale bone structures
-288 sites-40-50 house pit depressions
-Norse chainmail discovered
-More than 23 house pit depressions-skraeling island site (on the island)
-Art and harpoon points
Cord impressed ceramics from alaska
-Look like birnik in alaska-look like same groups living side by side but are separated by thousands of km
-Buried dorset ceremonial artifacts?

Dorset

Known as carvers for their broad, shamanistic artistic traditions
Focus on sea-ice mammal hunting focus on prey close to home
Semi-sedentary villages
Loss of bow and arrow and drill technology
Simple, utilitarian toolkit and housing

Thule

Known as bowhead whale hunters with sophisticated harpoon technology
Introduced kayak and umiak and dog sleds, highly mobile seasonal hunts
-More permanent village sites
Reliance on metals, including native copper and meteoric iron
exploited wider resources with more complicated technologies and architectures

POST-CLASSIC THULE (1400 CE - CONTACT)

-By 1200 CE, Thule sites appear in areas where whales are scarce, Using other subsistence strategies, start to see leave most ideal hunting grounds, Spread of smaller sites in more peripheral regions with changes in tech
-Occur into Northern Greenland indicating growing population pressure in habituated arctic areas?
-Onset of Little Ice Age at 1400CE, in the following four decades temperatures drop and glaciers advance on Baffin Island and Greenland (Cold makes it hard to sue boats)
-Peak of ice age, Kayak and umiack use was gone, Fishing, fox hunting instead, tough Times
-Increase summer pack ice, possibly restricting the launching of boats for summer hunts
-1480 Norse sites in Greenland are abandoned
-By 1500CE umiak and kaya whaling ceases in the High Arctic- time of high food scarcity begins
-Ruggles Outlet evidence that dying communities were eating their own sled dogs
-By 1600 CE High Arctic is abandoned
-1576 Martin Frobisher arrives in search of the NW Passage
-Severe climatic conditions-in oral histories-people starving, Increase warfare, cannibalism, competing for resources
-Norse left their sites because of cold so possible interactions? (Traded furs and walrus ivory out of arctic)
-1576-first and casual interactions with europeans
-Ongoing indigenous traditions fall apart and collapse right before europeans get here-climate
Think no one lives here
Sets in roots for evolutionary theories-savages and need help

Defining the Arctic

-Northernmost region of the earth
-Uniquely polar climate, plant, and animal life
-Arctic Circle: mathematical line drawn at latitude latitude 66°30′ N Southern limit of at least one day of full darkness per year
-Definition of this region is not linked to terrain although generally follows the tree line
-Arctos-greek word for bear
-Arbitrarily defined-mathematical division rather than what humans are doing
-Subarctic-more vegetation
-Arctic-scrub tundra and willow bushes

Three major environmental zones:

forest, tundra, and the coast
-Uniform across North American and Eurasian arctic
-Lead to four kinds of adaptations
-Conditions uniform through NA arctic and Eurasia people had to adapt too
-Peopling of new world conditions

1st adaptation

-Confined to forest exploiting its diverse animal and plant resources
-Local groups tend to be scattered and often employ a centrally based wandering strategy--fixed place and travelling around it

2nd Adaptation

-Transition between forest and tundra characterized by heavy, year-round dependence on herds of caribou
-FN tied to forest-subarctic-exploiting tree area in subarctic
-Movements of nomadic human groups matches those of migrating herds exploiting the transition between tundra and forests

3rd Adaptation

-Seasonal movement between hunting seal mammals on the coast in the winter and hunting and fishing on tundra in the summer and autumn
-Most common among Inuit groups

4th Adaptation

-Exclusively maritime adaptation based out of large, coastal settlements Northern Pacific Islands and Alaska
-Year round-large coastal settlements-marine mammal hunting from boat and ice
-These (3&4) are adaptations of the Inuit and Unangax cultures

Paleoacrtic tradition (7,500 BP & OLDER)

-First settlements in the far west over 14,000 years ago (Close to bering land bridge)
-Flourishes 10,000-7,500BP
-Broad spectrum hunter-gatherers living in coastal and inland environments, exploiting diverse resources
-Microblade technology important and prevalent for creating a lightweight hunting spear
--Lightweight tool kits-relied heavily on microblades-set into side of point points, Modular-swap it out when breaks
-Diverse maintainable tool kit to hunt a spectrum of animals
-First set of interchangeable tool parts in NA
-Underlying cultural continuity that existed for thousands of years
-Alaska and as far east as the yukon into Northern BC depending on glacial extents
-Hunting and living doesn't really change
-Fishing, shellfish, birds, mammals when seasonally available

On your Knees cave

-Archaeological site 49-PET-408 located in southern Alaska at the northern tip of Prince of Wales Island-Earliest known settlements of the west coast of NA
-Discovered in 1993 by Tongass Cave project and excavated by paleontologist Timothy Heaton starting in 1994
-Inhabited by a variety of animals throughout the last 40,000 years
-Human skeletal remains of Shuká Káa found in 1996 alongside stone tools
-1km from coast today 125m above modern sea level
-Entrance blocked by rocks, soil and vegetation
-Tunnel with low ceiling and old bear dens
-Lot of animal bones were found-many extinct species of the island as well
-100 bones radiocarbon dated
-Continuous occupation-island was never glaciated, Would have been accessible for humans

SHUKÁ KÁA (TLINGIT: "MAN AHEAD OF US")

-In accordance with NGPRA, research done in respectful partnership with Tlingit Native American Tribe. Studies revealed:
-was a man in his mid 20s
-Earliest individual of haplogroup D in North Americas, Earliest occurrence of this group in NA
-Found all along western coast today
-The first Genetic indicators of modern people found in this area
-Not a genetic match for Indigenous groups currently occupying the area, Does not mean they don't have cultural claims because DNA doesn't match up-still an ancestor living in the area
-Stable isotopes indicate a fully marine diet
-Obsidian artifacts from material in British Columbia
-Definite early maritime adaptations and cross-water technologies necessary for this individual to be here
-After 12 year research collaboration was complete, the remains were repatriated to the Tlingit for reburial and traditional celebration festival
-Isotopes-marine animals diets: Island location, Strong maritime adaptation, Despite being in a cave, 250 m above sea level when he was living there, hunting and eating marine animals
-Stone tools from BC:
Not local, found in island, Maritime tech to make trips between island and mainland, Strong coastal adaptation
-Support coastal migration route-maritime tech and diet

ALEUT & WESTERN COASTAL CHRONOLOGY

-Paleoarctic traditions continue and turn into coastal traditions that differ from what's happening inland
-Semi subterranean villages with a reliance on sea mammal hunting
-Ocean Bay Tradition (7,500-3,500 BP)
-Kachemak Tradition (3,800-contact)

Ocean Bay Tradition (7,500-3,500 BP)

-Thrusting spears against big sea mammals
-Coated in poison
-Lived this way all the way up to contact
-Maritime hunting culture employing heavy thrusting spears with large stone blades covered in poison
-Adaptations changing
Kodiak island
-First differentiation away form paleo arctic tradition

Kachemak Tradition (3,800-contact)

-Sea mammal hunting, salmon-fishing, caribou-hunting
-Defined by the use of ground slate tools
-Lived in winter-villages in wooden, sod covered huts
-Kodiak island
-Developed from ocean bay groups
-Working slate and grinding stone tools, Also see this in pacific northwest coast, Traded into the area-traditions
-Moving to partially underground houses
-Sophisticated and durable housing
-1st century CE, villages become crowded
-Labrettes-social status
-Mortuary rituals-decapitating, keeping heads as trophies, or buried in one piece
-Conflict

Arctic Small Tool Tradition

-Move east-arctic proper
-Lightweight mobile toolkit, Small blades or microblades pointed at each end were used as barbs in bone or antler arrows and spearheads (good for caribou)
-Exploiting the same resources as earlier, not sure why the change (Tech change-don't know)
-Contact with Siberia at the beginning of this tradition may have introduced bow and arrow technology to North America
-Highly mobile people who spread east across the Arctic --caribou runs
Something happened , people book it across the arctic east, Area, not good resources or living conditions
-May have originated in caribou and fishing hunters across the arctic-coming from siberia?
-Could have been regular contact-dropping sea levels and used boats instead of walking across land bridge
-May have been first to use bow and arrow
5300 BP before present-something dated
-Associated with caribou dung -full weapon with sinew attached
-Independence I
-Pre-Dorset
-Saqqaq

Independence 1

-east
-From 4,500 BP about 200 people lived in northeastern Greenland, Independence Fjord (Arctic desert)
-Estimated population density of one person per 290km2 ASTt artifacts + isolated tent ring sites, reliance on musk ox hunting
-Highly nomadic, perhaps collected in sedentary hibernation villages through the darkest months of the winter
-Independent site found 950 km of greenland's coast
-Independent settlements into canadian archipelago
-Moving all over the coast in a short amount of time
-Musk ox easy to hunt-natural form of defense to make a circle around young and elderly-easy to shoot with bow and arrow
-Wandered over large but restricted ranges
-Going after animals that makes random migration movements
-Sea birds, fish
-Limited heat sources and moving food supply-mobile
-Use summer to prepare for winter
-No oil lamps-fat from musk ox and driftwood

Pre-Dorset

-canadian arctic
-From around 4,200BP and lived further south exploiting a more diverse food supply (Ice hole hunting with fishing spears, sea mammals with skin kayaks, caribou)
-ASTt + well developed seal-hunting adaptations and fishing technologies (Harpoon hunting is sophisticated)
-Use of weirs and traps to capture arctic char
-Barbed thrusting harpoon designed become increasingly sophisticated through time
-Sizeable populations west of Hudson's Bay by 3,400BP clustered in favorable areas focusing on caribou hunting
-Populations decline after this
-Well adapted to inland hunting of caribou, and well adapted to seasonal and climatic changes
-Dorset appear right after these people disappear
-Rep of several migrations eastward through the arctic? Or just people moving?
-Western-dispersal of hunting bands following migrations of caribou
-Interactions with FN as they migrate to forest areas when following caribou
-Following environmental changes
-First settlement almost as early as independence 1
-Peak of 3500 BP but decline after

Saqqaq

-West south and east of coast of greenland (4,500 BP for about 1,000 years)-Ellesmere island and further south in greenland
-Southern migration from independence area, or separate migration
-Atlatls, harpoons, bows and arrows, lances, bird spears
-Kayak like water craft-expertise of water hunting
-Seals and sea mammals and waterfowl
-Light Microblades, heavy bifaces, endscrapers
-Coastal areas-caribou and following caribou migrations
-Becomes stable when move inland
-Gradually disappears at some time
-Possible migrations south from the cold, harsh environments of Independence I? ASTt + toggle-headed harpoons thrown with atlatls designed for hunting sea mammals
-Qeqertasussuk Site Greenland's Disko Bay (4,400-3,400 BP)
-type site for Saqqaq with frozen, preserved detailed archaeological record

Northwest coast through time

-Abundance of shell-fish middens
-Preserve organic artifacts due to alkaline qualities
-Replacement of chipped stone with ground slate tools
-Disappearance of Alaskan-like microblades
-An increase and decrease in salmon productivity due to changes in sediment levels
-Middens increase through time-preserve organic artifacts
-More reliance on ground slate tools
-Salmon and productivity change through time in relation to the environment

Artifacts look much more...

different of other culture areas in the world

California has a higher...

reliance on plants

Early/Middle NW

-Art and Artifacts,f rom Prehistoric Art of the Northern Northwest Coast George MacDonald

Northwest Coast Middle Period

-Emergence of status differences
-Increases incidences of inter-personal violence
-Practice of slavery
-Indicative of increasing social complexity
-3000 Bp-signs of status among individuals:
Cranial modification (narrowing) and labrets-bone rings-wear in teeth or in ears (in burials-hierarchy) direct social organization connection. Labrets worn more by women, are gender relations stronger than hierarchy relations? -higher status women wear larger ones. More intentional burials-increased complexity, living in one place
-Ken aimes-emerge of social hierarchies at 5000 BP (later) mortuary
-Others say starts earlier cause of labrets
-Increase conflict: Social organization and conflict go together, Someone needs to ya place in conflict, More people=more conflict, Decapitation
-Less women intered-slaves were women-bodies not treated with same respect
-slaves, captives of war, raids on villages -having slaves increases status
-Complex trade-materials and slaves given to reenforce status, pay of property or debts

Northwest Coast Late Period

-Increasing cultural homogenization
-Emergence of trade networks
-Pronounced emphasis on status and wealth after AD 400
-Potlach probably present by 400 BC
-Kwakwaka'wakw potlatch, masks were seized under the Potlatch ban begun in Canada in 1885 and lasting until 1951
-Ethnographic studies rather than arky evidence-info
-Resources intensified in order to support pops
-Continued Homogenization of cultures: Diff material cultures in early
Late-whole region looks the same arky, Communication, trade, social communication-adapting the same
-Rising pops-more uniformity
-Trade (see arky-trae of obsidian from oregon more pronounced): Objects from far away
-Basketry-patterns and shapes are distinct
-Ceremonies similar to potlatch-redistribute wealth between families and households
-Terrible disasters-europeans (diseases, etc) cultural collapse and colonial impacts

c̓əsnaʔəm, Marpole Midden

-(400BCE)
-Coast Salish site inhabited by 4,000 years ago and until about 200 years ago with the arrival of smallpox
-A massive pre-contact midden, mainly composed of rich shellfish deposits
-Excavated in 1892 by Charled Hill-Tout, and again in 1897-99 by Harlan Ingersoll Smith on the Jessup North Pacific Expedition
-Declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1933In 1950s it was excavated by Charles Borden who drew links between the archaeology and modern Musqueam peoples
-Fraser Arms Hotel constructed on site and destroyed the midden Archaeological discoveries suggest highly developed maritime adaptations and woodworking skills
-Marpole culture-british columbia heritage site
-Dug looking for bones in middens-probably destroyed artifacts
-National historic site of canada-because of oldest middens
-Invaluable info of early occupation of the delta and the culture
-Rich shellfish deposits-moth of fraser river and delta
-Cultural remains from early inhabitants-bone and stone implements, utensils, ornaments
-Highly developed woodworking skills

Ozette Village

-Olympic Peninsula, Washington
-(~2,000 BP-1750)
-In 1750 a mudslide buried the village preserving six longhouses and all associated artifacts in-time
-Like the Pompeii of the PNW
-Tested in 1966-1967 by Richard Daugherty, excavated after being exposed by a storm in 1970
-Over 11 years of archaeological study, 55,000 artifacts recovered, around 30,000 were wooden
-Ozette macaw people
-Storm eroded part of buried site
-Occupation-3000 Yrs
-Whale sea hunting, Fishing
-Toys, Games, child sized bow and arrows
-Hard to excavate-semi submerged, moving mud with water
-Basketry
-Boards and structure of long houses
-Knives-mussel shell, sharpened beaver teeth
-Iron from asia
-Oral history-mudslide

Chronology of California

-PaleoIndian (10,000 BP and older)
-Archaic previously, Early Man (10,000 BP- 7,500 BP)
-Millingstone Horizon (7,500 BP- 3,500BP): Dominant food processing technology is the mano and metate, Dependent on plant foods
-Intermediate Horizon (3,500 BP - 1,000 CE): Introduction of mortar and pestle, increase in stemmed and notched chipped stone points
-Focus on trends through time
-Based on material culture 7500 BP-millingstone horizon (stone to mill plant goods)
-Intensively harvesting plants
-ill defined chronology
-Temporal and ecological meanings (plants)
-Intermediate
Mortar and pestle
Increase in chipped stone points
Diversify away from plants

Northern and Southern Californai Summary

-inland occupations by 10,000BP
-Earliest evidence of fishing technology in North America
-Inhabitants utilized inland and coastal resource use• Sedentism increases through time
-Pithouse villages
-Large numbers of grinding stones recovered from these sites has lead some researchers to speculate that the processing of plant foods was much more important than hunting and fishing during the early period on the southern
-Pacific Coast California State Artifacts: Chipped Stone Bear. Made likely around 8000 BP at Agua Hedionda Lagoon in Carlsbad, California (near SanDiego)
-Earliest evidence of fishing tech in NA
-flooded due to rising sea levels
-Semi subterranean pit house villages-start in california a little earlier
-Increase number of manos and metates
-More sedentary
-Large numbers of grinding stones-plants was more important

Chipped Crescents?

-Primarily as part of surface assemblages throughout the Great Basin, the Columbia Plateau, and in California
-They show up in the Early Holocene (12,000-8,000BP) and tend to disappear from the archaeological record after 7,500BP
-Thousands have been found 94% of these are within proximity to large bodies of water
-Purpose unknown!
-Found in western USA
-Mainland channel coast lines and mahabe dessert
-End of pleistocene to early holocene
-Milling stone horizon-these disappear
-10km within a body of water-existing or preexisting
-Surface assemblages-not in situ-lack a good chronology
-Changes o0ver time?
-Or diff regional variation?
-Hafted as a point?
-Throwing stick part?

CASE STUDY:. INDIGENOUS STEWARDSHIP OF COASTAL PRAIRIES

-Lightfoot et al. (2021) investigate duration of Indigenous Stewardship on Santa Cruz coast in California
-Indigenous stewardship: as the application of traditional ecological knowledge to maintain or enhance the abundance, diversity and/or availability of natural resources or ecosystems
-Sites CA-SCR-7, Sand Hill BluW Site; CA-SCR-10; CA-SC-14; and CA-SCR-15)
-Evidence Archaebotanical, anthracological, phytolith, and faunal
-Suggest burning stewardship practices of coastal plant resources extending 1,200 years

Indigenous stewardship of coastal prairies

-Stewardship practices built upon intermediate/intimate routines with relationships with plants and animals
-4 sites-sand hill bluff site
-Middle holocene-extinct flightless duck
-Dune-2 arky layers defined
-Middens and material culture, food resources at site
-Multiple lines of evidence, arky botanical remains (food plants-enhanced by recent fires)
-Formation of coast in deposits
-Phytolith data
-Faunal studies
-Strong evidence of anthropogenic fire genes
-First frequently-people are lighting them, intentionally burned every 50 yrs
-Enhanced quality and diversity of food resources
-Long Term maintenance of coast for 1200 yrs-burning and restarting for hundreds of years for a steady supply of important plant materials in this area
-Fire suppression policies-colonial powers
-More wildfires than ever before
-Landscape not managed anymore
-Anthropogenic fires

PETROGLYPH POINT SITE

-Near Tulelake, California (north, central right below Oregon)
-One of the largest panels of rock art in the US
-Exhibits abnormal geometric shapes
-Tribal fracturing and loss of knowledge among Modoc mean no ethnographic interpretations are available

Petroglyph

rock art made from carving into the rock

Pictograph

rock art made from putting pigment on rock

Plains Woodland Tradition

-(2,500 BP TO 1,100BP)
-Long distance trade networks brought influenced from Northeastern cultures: Economic, social, ideological
-This time period sees four major innovations: Bow and arrow, Maize on the plains, increase in pottery, Raised burial mounds
-Eastern Woodland pottery, burial customs, sedentary settlements and trade into plains region
-Maize-very important in thais part of the world's-climate isn't as reliable in eastern plains
-Pottery-more sedentary living
-Raised burial mounds-directly taken from mississippian woodlands tradition

The high plains

america

Plains woodland-

turn into Northeast woodlands-mississippi region

Chronology Early Plains Woodland (500 BCE - 1CE)

-Appearance of pottery, similar in appearance to vessels made in southern and central Mississippi Valley
-More sedentary settlements start to appear
-Arky developments=more sedentary evidence

Chronology Middle Plains Woodland (1-500 CE)

-Large, densely populated villages
-Burial mounds with masonry chambers
-Kansas City Hopewell Tradition
-Villages accompanied by burial mounds
-People can enter regularly
-Closely related to kansas city hopewell tradition

Chronology Late Woodland Plains (500- 900 CE)

-Rising population densities
-Even more elaborate burial traditions
-Rising pops-big thing
-Overflow of people out of woodlands and bring more woodland ideology to plains
-Still burial mounds-creeks (clustered in groups)-expanding
-Other earthen worlds-embankments in straight lines, platforms, networks connecting burial mounds
-Mounds-pits with a single or several skeletons-roofed with poles or logs, bison would be placed among dead

Biogeography of the Middle Missouri

-Middle Missouri Valley has characteristics of both the Northwestern Plains and Eastern Woodland allowing for this blend of cultures to emerge
-Human settlements tend of to be on the long, grass covered terraces line much of the valley
-Lower terraces (up to 120m below) would be impacted by frequent summer floods
-At the top of the valley to west and south are large plains for bison herds
-Plains start to be cut apart by rivers
-Plains settlements on terraces above the rivers-mobile hunting and gathering, access to rivers and flood settlements without being swept away
-Dry plains were bison once roamed in vast numbers
-Settled village lifestyle

Subsistence

-Maize probably spread to the Plains by deliberate migration and via routine social contacts
-Plains Woodlands exhibits communities exploiting plains such as maize combined withPlains bison hunting
-Maize agriculture spread:
New ideas and maize farming to hunting communities
-Agriculture:
Regular and highly localized rainfall in this area-higher frost season and shorter growing season-longer in valley areas
-Growing season better than on the Plains but limited and unreliable, requiring more diversification of food than in the Woodland region
-Leading to a more sedentary lifestyle than on the Plains, but a more mobile lifestyle thanin the WoodlandsSubsistence was a combination of agriculture, hunting, and foraging
-Agriculture, gathering and hunting, fishing from river
-Way for migrating waterfowl-bird hunting tech is crazy
-Trade important-hides blankets, pemmican for making artifacts: Bartered grain and agricultural products, Plains and woodlands

Late Woodlands Social Stratification

-From What Four Late Late Woodland Sites Reveal About Tribal formation Processes in Iowa (Ben and Thomson 2014)
-Artifacts in burials indicate highly sophisticated systems of status differentiation
-Ideologies perhaps related to the Woodlands, such as the practice of burial mounds, but social stratification possibly linked to success at bison hunting
-Bison still important
-Hunting lead to ideology-bison remains in burial mounds
-Personal ornaments found in mounds and exotic material-copper from great lakes
-Not same as woodlands-but perhaps a mix
-Ornaments-status in ability to kill large animals
-Material culture reps coming together of culture areas well

Kansas City Hopewell Tradition (100 BCE- 700 CE)

-30 recorded Kansas City Hopewell archaeological sites
-Most western variation of the Hopewell Tradition
-Distinctive pottery and impressive burial mounds containing stone vault tombs
-Some sedentary communities, relying heavily on stored foods
-Complex social organization
-Largely foragers but also grew domesticated plants like marsh elder and sunflowers
-Most important
-Nod to massive interaction sphere in east
-Does not display as spectacular earthen works-differs from east
Farthest west variation of tradition
-Sites defined by distinctive pottery style and burial mounds-tombs
-Started as plain people
-Or the tradition of people moving up and was shared with the people?
-Deer hunters and foragers-nuts and wild seeds

Toolesboro mound group

-Middle Plains Woodland burial mounds in Iowa along the Mississippi River
-Grave goods indicative of extensive trade networks: Copper from Lake Superior, seashells from the Gulf of Mexico, mica from the Appalachian Mountains, obsidian from Yellowstone National Park
-Export goods: flint knives and freshwater pearls
-Site originally had 12 mounds, now down to 7 preserved as a National Historic Landmark in 1966- only 2 mounds are publicly accessible
-This Stunning Earthwork In Iowa Is An Archaeological Mystery
-Edge of hopewell interaction network
-Cultural connection to east seen in burial mounds
-Other earthen work too
Extoic good trade over distances
-North bank of iowa river
-Middle plains woodlands period
-Dead buried accompanied of grave goods that displayed status and religious items
-Important in making export materials-exporting blades cut from local flint and freshwater pearls
-1880s-excavated by davenport of natural sciences? Probably took down the mounds and took the artifacts

Gast Farm Site

-Site history spans over 6,000 years with an artifact concentration from the Late Plains Woodland
-Located on an alluvial fan on the edge of the Mississippi River Valley, Iowa
-Previously was the site of a large mound, but it was leveled by the landowner in 1950s
-Recovered copper axes, polished platform pipes, and mica
-Archaeologists have since done surface artifact collection
-Geophysical survey suggests associated earthen enclosures--site destroyed was probably more extensive than previously thought
-Lots of research by uni of iowa and geological bureau survey
-Late plains woodland artifacts at site-but site was used for a long time
-Minds associated with other earthen enclosures, identified at least 1 if not more encounters associated with the fresh water source for the site
-Maize-highly dependent on water-suggestion ideology is brought over with the terraforming of the landscape near the water

Plains woodland summary

-Important area of overlapping cultural traits
-Potter and sedentary appears earlier than eastern plains
-Geography allows for a mix of economic, social, and ideological traits of the Eastern Woodlands and Northwestern Plains in this region
-An area of overlapping culture traits
-Agriculture, pottery, and sedentism appear in this area more than in the Northwesten Plains
-Game hunting and foraging remain important due to a climate more unpredictable than in the Woodlands

BACK TO THE BERING STRAIT: NORTON TRADITION

-ASTt gradually disappears between 3,500 and 3,000 BP
-Dont know why they disappear-not well adapted to living in arctic traditions?
-Changes on the coast, West side of arctic
-Contact between Alaska and Siberia intensifies, resulting in the Norton Tradition (Climate change-interactions via boat)
-Probably a network of different groups across the Bering Strait linked by interactions
-Norton groups expanded and took over other cultural groups in near by areas, colonized the Alaska Peninsula by 1CE
-Fairly permanent, year-round settlements near fish-rich river estuaries or beside salmon streams
-Used temporary hunting and fishing camps to exploit wide resources in the summer
-Excellent seal hunters using toggle-headed harpoons which detached in the prey
-Enabled them to hunt and track animals as large as whales
-Cold cycle 700 BP-5 centuries and drives tradition north of being strait
-Localized tradition in alaska and NA side of bering strait
-Big villages, Dense long term occupations of the same landscape
-Square dwellings-short sloping entryways, hearths, poles and turf roofs
-Norton group site-sand streams and arctic waterways
-Kayaks and other water crafts
-Inflated seal as a buoy to follow animals around
-Prevented capsizing and provides stabilization

Toggle headed harpoon

-hunt whales
-Harpoon head will come off and leave a guideline to follow that animals
-Important invention for arctic
-Diagnostic for norton and Thule which develops out of it
-Revolutionizes how people live in arctic and allowed thule to take over the arctic

UNALAKLEET SITE

-Excavated in 1968 by Bruce Lutz
-200-300 house pits
-Majority oval in shape and about 5 feet deep, 10-20 wide
-Rectangular house pits shallower, 10-30 feet wide
-Excavations reveal hearths in center of the house, walls likely constructed out of wood, artifacts include blades, flaked knives, and pottery typical of Norton
-Cover several acres, On of largest excavated
-Check stamped pottery, knives, blades
-Similar to other sites in the area
-On coast

THULE BEGINS IN THE EAST(& FAR WEST)

-Thule tradition begins in the Bering Strait starting around 2,700 BP (East of arctic-near siberia)
-Earliest Thule sites are part of the Old Being Sea tradition (ancestral thule with strong contact to siberia)
-Characterized by their toggle-headed harpoon style and their art, Strong reliance on flaked stone tools, -Stone googles and needles, Seal oil-economy
-Appearance of the kayak and umiak (large skin boats) in the archaeological record (more open water hunting)
-Antler, bone, and ivory heavily exploited materials for manufacture
-iron objects appear and whale hunting begins to be heavily exploited on the coast
-Uelen and Ekven archaeological sites in Siberia
-Early examples of Thule social distinctions found in burials, (status related to whale hunting or woning Umiaks)
-St lawrence-born of norton and redefined by contacts with bearing strait
-Old bering-social stratification that looks like later thule groups in canadian arctic (Whale bone-fine ivory artifacts, Wood floors, Utilitarian tasks, Good house materials and hunt successfully)
-Tombs-status related to whale hunting or woning Umiaks
-Thule born out of constant interactions
-Shaped through climate through time

Dorset in eastern arctic

-Dorset develop in-situ in the eastern Arctic
-Dorset live where pre dorset live
-Why did this transition occur? Result of ASTt decline? Change in caribou herds leading to changing human adaptations? New ice hunting techniques?
-Mystery, Small tool tradition declining pop, Natural expansion of dorset?, Dwindling caribou herds in quebec?, Climate? Colder-change in new ice hunting techniques (see arky shift to aquatic hunting from terrestrial)
-Period of climate change, and colder temperatures leading to emergence of Dorset
-All ASTt and Thule cultures had bow and arrow and drill technology
-The Dorset had neither- why? Does this mean they did not develop from the ASTt cultures? Lost it? Didn't need it?
-No drills-no holes in artifacts which is weird case they make lots of carvings and art
-Rely on harpoon hunting
-Picked at ivory to make holes since no drills

Dorset characteristics

-Defined by art tradition, Powerful, magical , and symbolic undertones (Strong artistic tradition)
-use basic utilitarian things to the point they lose useful tech just hunt animals and survive)
-Triangular projectile points, Ground stone tools
-No sled tech (thule has dog sleds)
-No throwing sticks, Simple spear lances and thrusting harpoons (Works well at close quarters Reliance on ice-edge hunting and spearing arctic char)
-Not sophisticated winter houses, small oil lamps
-Not well adapted as other arctic traditions
-Berries and seeds when in season
-Weapon part can detach-but can slip out of the animal
-Harder to hunt large seal mammals
-ice edge hunting
-Seals and arctic char-caught using same lances and harpoon tech
-No fishing traps
-Odd tech complex that's developed here-no bow and arrow or drills
-Lived in semi-subterranean buildings

DORSET AND CHANGING CLIMATE

-Early Dorset culture thought to have developed in northern Foxe Basin and then spread rapidly over a much wider region (Core area and spread)
-Same region as Pre-Dorset
-About 2,000 years ago the climate became progressively colder, leading to abandonment of High Arctic and Northern Labrador (Dorset move to periphery, arctic is full, increase of interaction between dorset and FN in these areas)
-At 500 CE, temperatures rose again leading to an increase in Dorset artistic tradition
-Leads to a rise in ceremonial centres such as Button point site, which is rich in carved wooden figures, including life-sized ceremonial masks and wooden dolls of humans and stylized animals (lifesize-see viking visitors and europeans because of how detailed they are),
-Regular communication with other communities-culture changes probably simultaneous
-Dorset develop-cold move south, warm go up and make more art in mass
-Lots of material culture produced
-Many shammans existed and played a leading role in social stratification and hunting (Life dictated by shammnic rituals and processes)
-Very ritualistic people
-Strict social laws on community-break laws and are kicked out
-Hard to live by yourself

FOXE BASIN AND THE CORE AREA MODEL

-"Centre of pre-Inuit populations' activities and cultural development"
-Core Area model maintains this region's rich and diverse wildlife sustained human populations for the last 4,000 years
-Year round walrus population important for this
-Posits a smooth and direct transitions from Pre-Dorset to Dorset
-Archaeological research since suggests there are other areas of continuation outside of the Foxe Basin, and this smooth, local transition is being questioned
-Because of density of activities and cultural development also known as core area model
-Pre inuit-all before thule
-Groups must have focused here and all arctic traditions develop form this area
-Recent research-changed undertaking on sites once considered peripheral
-Substantial continuous occupation in many areas outside of Fox basin-just as long as fox basin
-Fox basin abandoned due to climatic shifts-did dorset evolve here, or is this bias determined by where arky studies have been? (because of all the cool artifacts we wanted to study were in the basin)

DORSET ART

-Life-like details and a lot of animal based art
-Carved out of antler, bone, ivory soapstone, and wood
-Figures have been found representing every animal in the arctic
-Masks, figurines, plaques used for highly shamanic cultural traditionsHuman figures with personal details, dolls with detachable legs and arms, amulets, teeth plaques
-Highly naturalistic-don't see in arky a lot, usually more representative
-Lines are the skeleton
-Attention to detail is astonishing
-Polar bears, seals
-Strong ideological undertones-shammanistic and ritual over other things
-Portrait-living person, can see health indicators and disease rep in the carved artwork-so detailed
-Smaller masks- xshaped incisions on face
-animal amulets-for hunting or rituals
-Belief system over a very large east area of arctic
-Reflection art shows basic ideology that existed for many centuries
-Increase at the end
-Spread everywhere

Alarniq

-Type site for Dorset, in the Foxe Basin Region (arky took this showing continuity with pre dorset because of location)
-First excavated in 1960s by Jørgen Meldgaard and then subsequently in 2008 James Savelle and Arthur Dyke
-Excavated again in 2015 and 2017 by Lesley Howse & Foxe Basin Archaeological Project -Evaluating the Core Area model 5.5 of gravel beach ridges, with ~200 dwelling features
-Majority are subterranean suggesting a seasonal winter- spring occupation
-Unclear if features on higher terrace are dorset or lingering laste pre dorset
-1960-208 dwellings (single family and multiple family) meat, caches graves (not a lot of skeletal remains-left on sea ice or tundra, hard to dig in frozen ground)
-2008-semi subterranean-winter spring occupation (unique-most in use throughout the year) seasonal camp

Phillips garden

-(2,000-1,300 BP)
-In Port au Choix, Newfoundland
-One of the largest Dorset sites with a very long occupation
-50 house depressions and thousands of artifacts so far recovered
-Many bone artifacts preserved thanks to alkaline soils due to Port au Choix's limestone geology
-Permanent settlement focus on seal hunting but Variety of excavated tools also indicate the site was much more than a specialized hunting camp
-Tools include soapstone pots, awls, burin-like tools, scrapers, harpoon heads
-Outlying dorset site when arctic got too cold
Occupied for long history, various FN, dorset...
Longest occupation by a single cultural group
-Harp seal bones-important resource
-Permanent settlement to hunt harp seal pups
-Used as more permanent settlements-organization and spacing of houses-Different seasons
-Characteristic dorset tech
-Disappear 13,000 yrs (1300?) ago and newfoundland 11,000 (1100?) BP
-Climate change-warming, making it hard to do ice edge hunting, seal pop disappeared
-1 burial

DORSET GENETICS

-Study of 19 Dorset human remains between Canada and Greenland Haplogroups suggested genetic continuation with Saqqaq people
-Further challenges the core area model & the assumed continuity between Pre-Dorset and Dorset
-Ancestors of Saqqaq and Dorset entered from Siberia in a single migration about 6,000 BP and remained genetically isolated
-The Dorset are genetically distinct from the Thule Genetic mixing between Dorset and Norse Greenland
-6 staples of mitochondrial dna happlap group d-on your knees cave, Linked to living pops on west coast
-Core area would hold up if had closest genetic relationship between pre dorset and dorset
-Instead related to saqquaq who are in the north
-Thule- Become next major cultural groups, Second migration-dorset genetically disappear from this landscape
-No genetic mixing between norse greenland and dorset
-But contact-in carvings?
-living together or reoccupying same landscape at diff times?

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE DORSET 1200-1500 CE (800-500BP)

-After cultural continuation for 3,000 years the Dorset rapidly disappear from the landscape
-Why?
-Warming climate changing resources the Dorset depended on?
-Expansion of the Thule and First Nations people into traditionally Dorset regions?
-European arrival and disease?
-Oral histories Inuit recorded ethnographically from 1920s recall the disappearance of the Tunit people
-Pops aren't mixing into thule migration-lack of genetic relationship
-End at peak of artistic tradition and building larger house structures
-Climate-warmer, Dorset tied to climate changes
-Animals move-which dorset rely on, Disruption on hunting and travel created hardships
-More open water-other people expand into dorset area
-FN expand into newfoundland
-People from south, east, west pushing dorset further north whole warming and environment changing rapidly
-increase in art-attempt to control changing environment with religion and shammanistic rituals

Environmental Influences

-The rich environment of the Pacific NW gave rise to complex hunter-gather groups
-Consistent and abundant resources allowed for increasing intensification of resource use through time
-Use of a diverse range of plant and animal foods were available and exploited
-Northwest coast looked very diff than other areas
-Large pop density
-Artistic cultures
-Holocene-rich green belt of forest and rivers from alaska to california
-Lots of plants and animal species
-Rich diets-intensify resources with storage techs and complex social stuff to distribute
-Interior plateau-diff culture area in arky, but have similarities
-Large rainfall
-Southern areas-oregon and california-exploiing more than just marine resources (seeds, accrosn, roots, cotutes, rabbits, deer,birds)
-Diversity and abundance and mild climate let people live here year round

Complex Hunter Gatherers

-Mobility: Live in the same place most of the year
-Economy: Large amount of food storage
-Households: Live in long-term, organized households and villages
-Resources: Subsistence is focused and selective
-Technology: Complex and various tools for specialized tasks
-Population: Moderate to large sizes
-Social Hierarchy Present and varied
-1970's-many hunter gatherer groups around the world were not fitting in the stereotype in which they were put (nomadic,barbarism, civilization)
-Affluent foragers
-More complex and interdependent-subsistence strategy, economy, and social structure
-Stay for longer periods
-Food storage-meat and fish preservation,social bonds-trading
-Generalized-consume as soon as they harvest it
-Long term organized households and villages-30-100 people (pit houses, longhouses)
-Secondary sources and primary sources (salmon and other fish and mollusks and forest products)
-Don't need generalized toolkits-have specific tools-more energy into making (spears, harpoons, nets, boats)
-Larger pops than small sized agricultural villages and mobile hunter gatherers
-True here

Social Hierarchy of complex hunter gatherers

-inherited and voted power
-Prestige, social status, and 2 social classes (free people-chiefs and elites, lower noble, and commoners (no title) and
-slaves (war captives)
-Women had high status
-Expressed through material-jewels, textiles
-Feasts and ceremonies

Note on Chronology

-No complete projectile point sequence for the NW Coast of Interior Plateau
-Closest complete point sequence comes from Fraser River Milliken (early-middle period) and Esialo Village (middle-late period) sites
-Most of NA-on ceramic and projectile types
-Research exists in isolation
-Rorick carleson-created culture area in pacific northwest and gathered the stuff for archaeologist to study
-Still gaps
-Underwater-what was occupied
-Longstemeed points-to smaller notched points (looks like other places)
-Radiocarbon dating-gets complicated near ocean -marine resources have different carbon than stuff on land

Early Period (12,000 - 5,500ya)

-Fluted point tradition south of Puget Sound (Seattle area)
-In-situ Clovis points found in the Ritchey-Roberts cache in Washington
-To the north and along the Fraser into the plateau, lanceolate or tear-drop shaped points
-Sinkers
-Marine hunting tech (bone needles and harpoons)
-Hunting bison on orcus island
-Chipped stone points
--fluted points and old points that predate fluting tradition and microblades (fluted points are only south of washington)

Middle Period (5,500 - 1,500ya)

-Decline in chipped stone points, more reliance on bone and ground stone
-Period of population growth, food surpluses, and inter- regional trade
-Clearly ancestral to ethnographic record
-Ground Stone tools-types of food hunting (no longer bison)
-Adapting to environment strongly
-Cultures look ancestral to what we see ethnographically at european contact
-Changes product of more extensive collection-pop growth, food surplus, more trade
-Lots of arky remains
-Preservation of organic materials

Late period (1,500- contact)

-More information comes from 19th and 20th century ethnographic than archaeological sites
-FN in this area were studied intensively by Europeans
-Ethnography and oral histories for cultural traits

Lind Coulee Site

-(11,300-10,500 BP)
-Discovered in 1947 near Warden, Washington First evidence of PaleoIndian occupation in NW Coast
-Excavated in 1950/51 by Richard Daugherty who made a definite link between stone tools and Bison antiquuis remains
-Found stone pallets to grind red ochre on as well as bone needles and bone points
-Reoccupied dozens of times, likely a spring camp due to young age of bison and elk remains
-Excellent stone workers
-Three types of Lind Coulee points thought to precede Clovis
-Variety of other lithics like scrapers and stone crescents seen in California
-Oldest in area-one of
-First human occupation older than 4000 yrs
-Arent hunting like clovis or folsom
-Only time they found artifacts like this in washington
-Occupied more than half a dozen times-reused for 1500 yrs
-Spring cmap-faunal remains are young bison or unborn animals
-Bone tools-needles (dozen-clothes) and bone points and chipped stone tools (3 types, lind coulee 1 2 and 3) very different from clovis, maybe precede?
-Good at lithic production
-Middle of culture area and traditions
-Crescent tools

Pebble Tool Tradition

-(10,000-8,000 BP)
-Early coastal and interior river tradition defined by unifacial pebble tools and leaf-shaped biface
-Major Sites: Milliken (9,000 BP), Fraser River north of Yale. Glenrose Cannery (8,000 BP), Fraser River in Lower Mainland. Bear Cove (8,000 BP), Vancouver Island. Earliest radiocarbon dated site on Vancouver Island Glenrose Cannery
-Core pacific west coast
-Vancouver
-Not 1 site-see at a bunch of sites
-Unifacial pebble tools, and leaf shaped bifaces-big tool tradition-in other places too
-NWC-not many sites because of preservation bias
-Oldest sites have pebble tools
-Antler flakers and cylindrical hammers
-Bone tools-needles or hooks
-Notched elk teeth for pendants

Namu Site

-(8,000- CONTACT)
-Pebble-tools as well as microblade tradition
-Full establishment of broad-marine based economy by 6,000BP
-Stabilization of rivers led to reliable salmon runs after ~4,000 BP
-Increased reliance on shellfish by 3,000BP
-Shell middens preserve organic materials
-Cemetery indicates prolonged sedentism
-142 individuals from Namu repatriated by SFU to Heiltsuk Nation (2011)
-Long occupation, Big site
Microblade tradition too
-Marine hunters 8000 yrs ago
-No evidence of permanent housing
-Deglaciation and stabilization of rivers changes everything 4-5000 BP-get salmon-cultural complexity
-Shell middens-alkaline-natural preserver
-Good preservation-hunter gatherer cemetery-prolonged sedentism-complex hunter gatherers

Salmon and the NW Coast

-Salmon as major catalyst for evolution of many Northwest coast cultural groups
-And all the way into the interior plateau we get and see the exploitation of massive salmon run routes
-Differential access to salmon has been used to explain why coastal groups tend to be more complex than interior groups
-Inland tributaries in the mountains can be blocked by landslides= Archeologists traditionally have argued origins of complexity were 1) dependant on regular access to Salmon, and 2) began on the coast and spread to the interior
-By 2000BC we see the beginnings of Northwest Cost Cultural Complex very similar to early ethnographic observations
-Landslide blocks salmon-have to move or find something else to eat-see a lot-so why so reliant on salmon?
-Ethnographic-villages in canyons, edge of rivers, people moving downstream as they were impacted by landslides-salmon more consistent
-Dependent on regular access to salmon
-too much emphasis on salmon as a resource?
-There is use of other resources archaeologically

Case Study: Salmon Use and Exploring Sedentism at Namu, Assumption

-the storage of salmon and increasing sedentism on the Northwest coast was directly linked to population increases and the development of stratified societies
-The Middle Period Marpole Culture of southern Vancouver Island, for example, seems to show definite evidence of social hierarchies by 400 BC
-However, this idea would be undermined if earlier evidence for storage and sedentism existed among hunter-fisher-gatherers whose population levels were relatively stable overlong periods of time
-People using salmon before complexity=salmon can't cause the complexity
Ancient DNA analysis for salmon storage in early occupation
-Lots of salmon, doesn't mean entire economy is based off of salmon

Case Study: Salmon Use and Exploring Sedentism at Namu

-Groups who get salmon seasonally eat them fresh, groups who live in a place year-round dry them for storage.
-In the archaeological record we can see this because when dried, the crania are removed from salmon, so assemblages eaten fresh will have higher proportions of vertebrae
-Vertebrae dominated the assemblage at Namu, which weakened the idea of storage-based economies.
-Groups used salmon seldomly ate it fresh
-Year round-dried them for storage-salmon runs are a seasonal resource
-Fresh-high proportions of crania-can't preserve
-Dry-cut off the head-lot of vertebrae
-Vetrbare dominated-weakly supported storage based economy
-Sampling era-did not find the fish heads
-Other types of bone

But what about the type of fish?

-Pink salmon are small and less oily, so they are the easiest to preserve.
-Sockeye and chum are larger with higher fat content to be immediately consumed
-Aubrey Cannon and Donga Yang's use of ancient DNA showed a clear emphasis on pink salmon with a storage economy up to 7,000 years old- suggesting that salmon may not be the driving factor of complexity on the NWC
-Few types used in area
-Other are healthier even if they are harder to preserve
-Pink salmon-and vertebrae-year round occupation and salmon storage economy as far back as 7000 yrs ago

Interior Plateau-Chronology-Complex

-The Old Cordilleran (10,000-8,000 BP): Nomadic hunter-gathers, characterized by a leaf-shaped biface
-Nesikep Tradition (8,000-4,000 BP): Early Nesikep (8-6kya) Nomadic lifestyle with small family groups, large spearpoints for hunting game, last use of microblades
-Lochnore Phase (6.5-4yya): Leaf shaped points, small hearth sites with no storage
-Lehman Phase (6-4.5kya): Combination of Lochnore and Nesikep phases, with notched spear point and chipped knives
-Nomadic-leaf shaped biface
-Nomadic lifestyle-spear points