The Personality Puzzle - Author: Funder (2015) - Ch. 5

Expectancy Effects

Self-fulfilling prophesies

"Bloomers" 4 Expectancy Ways

1) Climate (emotional attitude); 2) Feedback (differentiated for students); 3) Input (greater and more difficult material); 4) Output (how teachers give students extra opportunities to show what they have learned)

Critical realism

The absence of perfect, infalliable criteria for determining the truth does not mean that all interpretatoins of reality are equally correct

Convergent validation

"If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, and walks like a duck... it's probably but not absolutely a duck"

Interjudge agreement

Do judgements agree with one another?

Predictive validity

Can judgements predict behaviour?

Configural properties of faces

Overall arrangements of features rather than single body parts

Can we tell personality from faces?

Yes, but for averaged faces of extreme scorers -- accurate judgement in middle ranges is much harder

Male faces distigush which personality features?

Extremes of agreeableness and extraversion, emotional stability, but not the three others

Female faces distinguish which personality traits?

Extremes of extraversion and agreeableness, but not emotional stability

Average effect size of extremes face judgement

R = 0.80

Moderator variable

One that affects the relationship between 2 other variables

4 Moderator Variables of Personality Judgement

Properties of 1) the judge; 2) the judged target; 3) the judged trait; 4) the information on which the judgement is based

Who is a good judge?

Highly intelligent and conscientious individuals

Most accurate male judges of personality are:

1) Extraverted; 2) Well adjusted; 3) Relatively unconcerned by what other people thought of them

Most accurate female judges of personality

1) Open to new experiences; 2) Have a wide range of interests; 3) Value their independence

Communion

Someone who is invested in developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships

Meta-accuracy about who is a good judge

Accuracy about being accurate

Judgable people tend to be

Extraverted and agreeable

Does accuracy depend more on who is being judged or doing judging?

Who is being judged (judgability)

Transparent self

People who are more open about their inside and outside self are happier, less hostile, less depressed

Association between judgability and psychological adjustment

Particularly strong among males

Easier traits to judge

Highly externalized behaviours like extraversion (rather than neurotic rumination)

Sociosexual trait (promiscuous willingness)

High for females judgement males, HIGHER for males judging males

Good information

The more, the better, especially for neuroticism, openness, and agreeableness

Boundary of the acquaintanceship effect

Close aquaintances can make generalizable personality judgements for other situations

Quality of personality information

More informative to observe someone in a weak situation rather than a strong situation

Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)

An accurate judgment of a personality trait requires: 1) RELEVANT behaviour; 2) AVAILABLE to a judge; 3) DETECTed info by a judge; 4) info Utilized effectively by a judge

RADU

Relevance, Availability, Detection, Utilization