The Brain Misc.

Lord Kelvin

Developed cable theory

Camillo Golgi

Silver staining technique

Kacy Cole

Invented the voltage clamp

Lord Adrian

Made first neuronal recordings

Luigi Galvani

Discovered animal electricity

Ramon y Cajal

Neuron doctrine

Cable theory

Model for propagation of electrical signals in axons

GHK equation

Model for resting membrane potential

Nernst equation

Model for interaction of electrical and ionic gradients

Alan Hodgkin

Identified ionic basis of action potential

Threshold

Voltage at which sodium channels activate

When intracellular rises, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ get __

more negative Nernst potentials.

When intracellular rises, Cl- get __

more positive Nernst potentials

When extracellular rises, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ get ___

more positive Nernst potentials

When extracellular rises, Cl- gets ___

more negative Nernst potentials

Membrane potential

Electrical difference across the cell membrane

K+ and Na+ channels activate at ___

around -40 mV

Resting potential

Permeability of a neuron to multiple ions

Nernst potential

The voltage at which an ion has no driving force to move across the membrane.

Nernst potential is also called _

equilibrium potential

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is __

Acetylcholinesterase

Where is acetylcholinesterase located?

Synaptic cleft

Which disease involves antibodies against AChR?

Myasthenia gravis

Which substances block AChE and cause muscle paralysis?

Nerve agents (e.g., Sarin)

AMPA receptors are composed of how many subunits?

4

AMPA receptors are permeable to

Na+ and K+

NMDA receptors are permeable to

K+, Na+, and Ca2+

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) has _ subunits

5

nAChR permits ___ to permeate

K+, Na+, Ca2+

ACh cleaved by ___

AChE

Choline recycled into presynaptic cell by ___

transporter

Choline reassembled into ACh by __

choline acetyltransferase

ACh loaded into vesicles by __

transporters

Nerve agents chemically modify ___

ACh-binding site on AChE

Nerve agents cause ___

ACh to no longer be cleaved

Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system

Glutamate ionotropic receptors

AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors

NMDA receptors have _ subunits

4

Glutamate is cleared from the cleft by:

Diffusion and Transporter proteins on glia and neurons

Glia convert glutamate to __

glutamine

Glia secrete glutamine which is ___

taken up by neurons

Neurons convert glutamine back to __

glutamate

Glutamate transporter reloads ___

vesicles

Ca2+ drives __

intracellular signaling