DNA Translation

What is translation?

synthesis of a polypeptide from mRNA

What is a codon

codes for a specific amino acid during translation

How many nucleotides in a normal codon

3

Where does translation occur

Ribosomes

Can codons overlap

no.

What is the function of mRNA

specifies the amino acid sequence of the polypeptideW

What is the function of tRNA

reads mRNA and carries amino acids

What is the function of rRNA

ensures the right amino acid is being used and catalyzes the binding between amino acids

What is a charged tRNA

tRNA with an amino acid

What is the function of ribosomes

site of polypeptide synthesis

Are ribosomes reusable

Hell yeah

What is the large subunit of a ribosome comprised of

3 rRNAs and 49 proteins

What is the small subunit of a ribosome comprised of

1 rRNA and 33 proteins

What are the 3 binding sites on a ribosome

A site

P site

E site

What happens at the A site

tRNA binds to the ribosome before adding the amino acid

What happens at the P site

tRNA and the amino acid just sits there

What happens at the E site

tRNAs leave the ribosome lol

What happens in the initiation phase

assembly of ribosome

What happens in the elongation phase

synthesis of polypeptide

What happens in the termination phase

end of translation

What happens in the initiation phase for prokaryotes

ribosomal subunit binds to the binding site on the mRNA

What happens in the initiation phase for eukaryotes

ribosomal subunit binds to 5’ cap of mRNA

What are the two reactions in elongation

breaking of the bond between tRNA and the amino acid at the P site

peptide bond with the amino acid at the P site with the amino acid at the A site

Where does the uncharged tRNA move to

E site to dissociate from ribosome

When does elongation stop

When it reaches the stop codon… dumbass

True or false: stop codons correspond to an amino acid or they bind to a tRNA

False

True or false: mRNAs can be long and can interact with more than one ribosome

True facts

What is a polyribosome

mRNA with multiple ribosomes and growing polypeptides

A polypeptide may need a \[blank\] to fold correctly (if it wasn’t clear, fill in the blank)

chaperone protein

What is a signal recognition particle (SRP)

protein RNA complex that recognizes signal peptides

What is subsititution

nucleotide replaced with another

What is a silent mutation

resulting codon is for the same amino acid

What is a missense mutation

Codon is for a different amino acid

What is a nonsense mtation

Resulting codon is “stop”

What is amino acid insertion/deletion

adds/removes an amino acid

What is a frameshift

alters the reading frame of a gene

Does an amino acid insertion/deletion affect the reading frame

Nah fam