History Final

Year of 1619

Year of 1619

Jamestown; the first African slaves brought to the 13 colonies were brought here

Eli Whitney

Founder/inventor of the cotton gin in 1792

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri: Made into a slave state

• Maine: Added to have another free state, in order to balance the votes

• 36°30′ Line: Made slavery prohibited to be spread above the line.

30°30’ Line

Made slavery prohibited to be spread above the line.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that God wanted the United States to spread out West; Related to James K. Polk

Popular Sovereignty

Let the people of a territory decide when they are ready for statehood.

James K. Polk

Compromise position; Stood to ext. the 36°30’ line to the Pacific; Manifest Destiny - promised to add California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Texas to the United States if he were elected president; These additions caused problems in slavery because slavery may grow with this growth of territories; blamed Mexico for the Mex-Am War; “Best Prez” b/c he kept his promise

Mexican American War

Four different POVs on slavery: No extension, Fed. Gov’t can’t stop it, extend the 36°30’ line, or let people decide (popular sovereignty)

1849 Gold Rush

Caused slavery problems in the west because California wanted to be a free state but the “gold miners” wanted slaves; a lot of people migrated to the west to farm gold for wealth

David Wilmot

Extremist; Stood for no ext. of slavery

John Calhoun

Extremist; Stood for that the Fed. Gov’t can’t stop the spread of slavery

Henry Clay

Created the Omnibus Bill

Daniel Webster

Gave the 7th of March speech; Urged the Compromise of 1850 and the union

Roger Taney

Chief justice of the Supreme Court; tried to use the case to stop the talk about slavery

Stephen Douglas

Northern Democrat; Kansas Nebraska Act: Wanted a railroad in the North that goes through Chicago. This act would open doors to pro-slavery to potentially bring slavery to the North; Broke the the Omnibus Bill and passed each provision separately; Beat Lincoln in Illinois Senate Face; wanted to become Prez but didn’t

Zachary Douglas

Was general during the Mexican American War and then later became president; He was not a fan of the Omnibus bill and threatened to veto it

Millard Filmore

Signed the provisions for the compromises concerning the expansion of slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Wrote the book “Uncle Tom's Cabin”. It talked about the horrors of slavery. 

• The North read it and made them mad at the South for slavery

• The South tried to ban the book

Kansas-Nebraska Act

If signed, S. Douglas would become prez, a railroad through Chicago would be built, and it would make him/country money; helped to create the Republican Party b/c Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Whigs formed new party b/c they all wanted popular sovereignty for Kansas and Nebraska

Republican Party

Made up of Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Whigs; all wanted popular sovereignty for Kansas and Nebraska

Charles Sumner

Senator from MA, radical abolitionist, crime against Kansas speech (4 hrs. long), beaten almost to death by a cane (he insulted one of the members family) in the capitol building

Preston Brooks

Dred Scott

Racist Judge said that slaves can't sue for their freedom and the people can't decide; Mr. Gallivans words “It can't work”

John Brown

• Wanted to do a slave uprising, planned to attack U.S arsenal, arm slaves (it did not succeed)

• North: Hero and martyr

• South: Devil (Their worst fear)

Election 1860

Four candidates: Abe Lincoln (Republican), Stephen Douglas (N. Democrat), John Breckinridge (S. Democrat), John Bell (Constitutional Union); Results -> Lincoln won w/out any southern electoral vote, beat all candidates’ scores combined, won 40% of popular vote

Secession

S. Carolina voted to secede on December 20, 1860 even though Lincoln won't be sworn in until March 4, 1861

Robert E. Lee

U.S. Military officer who captured John Brown

Fort Sumter

• One of the last Union forts still held by the fed. gov’t in the South; only had 6 weeks worth of supplies left

• If Lincoln sent resources to the fort, he’d be starting war. He made a deal to only send food and water but war started regardless

• Fort’s attacks’ effect on the North: unified them, 75k volunteers requested by Abe for 3 months, more volunteers were “needed”

• Fort’s attacks’ effect on the South; upper south (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, N. Carolina) seceded, West Virginia seceded from Virginia, Border states kept slavery but stayed loyal to the Union even though citizens fought for Confederacy

Advantages North & South

• North: 23 states, 22 million people, Balanced economy, Advanced industry, Growing railroad, Merchant Marine, U.S. Navy

• South: 11 states, 9 million people, 3.5 million slaves, Infant industry, Agricultural economy, Dependent on oceans & rivers, Inadequate railroads

Aims North & South

• North: Restore union (bring states back), Free slaves

• South: Recognize Southern sovereignty (first wanted to be recognized, then wanted), Complete Independence

Strategies North & South

• North: Anaconda Plan

  • Blockade Coast

  • Capture Richmond

  • Control Rivers

• South: Defense or offense

  • Capture D.C, PA, MD

  • Divide NE from NW and sue for peace

Impact of Sumter Surrender

• Things weren't great for the working class in both areas. It was worse in the South
  

• South: Shortages

  • Drain of manpower into the army

  • Union occupation of food growing areas

  • Loss of slaves for work in the fields

  • Goods such as meat, rice, corn, salt, sugar, coffee, needles, medicine ect. were scarce

• North: Economic Growth

  • Industry boomed because of the needs of the army

  • Prices went up but wages didn’t (Result was a decline in the standard of living)

First Bull Run Impact

First battle of civil war; South won which caused them to get overly confident, and the north locked in to do better

Shiloh

Battle with huge casualties; People started to realize that with new techniques and weapons it was going to be the bloodiest war in American history (at the time)

George B. McClellan

Led the North in the Battle of Antietam; ran as a peace democrat against Lincoln

Antietam

Special Order 191; Occurred in Maryland, September 1862; South had dropped a letter and the North found it (contained their strategies); Lee was stopped by McClellan and it was considered one of the bloodiest battles in American history; There were 26,000 combined casualties (due to new technology and old strategies; McClelen let Lee get away and was fired by Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation

• Issued by Lincoln after the “victory” at Antietam; only applied to slaves behind the Confederate lines

• Impact:

  • England supported the Confederacy; War had a high moral purpose; Allows Blacks to enlist in the military; Provoked opposition from N. Democrats; Made the war a fight to the death

African American Soldiers

• Weren’t allowed when the war began; Large scale enlistment began after the Emancipation Proclamation; African-Americans were 1% of the N. Population and 10% of Union Army

• Treatment:

  • Served in separate regiments; Commanded by White officers; Couldn’t usually rise above Capt; Paid less than White soldiers; high mortality rate

Conscription

Another word for a draft (when soldiers are sent into war); Both sides used it to replace soldiers

Gettysburg

• Battle:

  • Fought in July of 1863 in Pennsylvania; Lee was forced back to VA after a 3-day battle

  • North: 90K Northerners and 23K casualties

  • South: 75K Southerners and 28K casualties

• Address

  • Given in November 1863 at the dedication of the National Cemetery. Only had 272 words. (Argued to be one of the most impactful speeches); “Four Score and seven years ago” (47 years); Lincoln explained why the war was being fought and why the sacrifice was worth it.

Vicksburg

Spot on the Mississippi River that the Union forces captured, they have complete control of the River which cuts the south in half.

Election of 1864

• Lincoln ran for re-election with Andrew Johnson as his VP

• McClellan ran as a peace democrat against Lincoln

  • Hated Lincoln's gusts “Vote for me, the war ends tomorrow”

• Sherman's capture of Atlanta helped save Lincoln win a close race

Andrew Johnson

• Lincoln’s assassination on Apr 1865 set the stage for a new Prez

• Former slave-owning loyalist from Tennessee selected by Lincoln as his VP in 1864 to try and win votes in the border states; Radicals in Congress through Johnson would treat former Confederate officials harshly

• His plan:

  • To be readmitted, a state had to:

    • w/draw its vote of secession, swear allegiance to the Union, annul Confederate war debts, ratify the 13th Amendment 

William T. Sherman

Captured Atlanta, GA: helped Lincoln win a close race; moved his army from Tennessee to Atlanta and then on his “march to the sea”; destroyed everything in a 400mi x 60mi path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah

13th Amendment

No slavery/involuntary servitude, unless as punishment like prison

14th Amendment

Former slaves are citizens. Gave all rights of citizens to former slaves. Gave protection under law to former slaves

15th Amendment

Gave voting rights to former slaves. The right to vote shall not be denied or account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Scalawag

White Southerners who worked with the Republicans in the South after the Civil War

Carpetbagger

Northers who moved from the South after the Civil War (I believe the name came from the northern soldiers who used to have carpet bags during the war. I read it but not 100% sure if its correct)

Radical Republican

• Didn’t want to let the Southern states back in at all

• (Opposite were moderate republicans: passed two bills that they thought would fix weaknesses in Johnson’s plan)

Home Rule

The return of white southern democrats to power in the South. Without the support of federal troops, most southern black people had lost their rights (officially or unofficially)

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group created during Reconstruction to intimidate Southern Blacks

Impeachment Grant Administration

1868-1876; Loss of interest in Reconstruction during the Grant Administration; many scandals that took attention away from what was going on in the Southern states; by 1876, most S. states had been admitted to the Union

Election of 1876

• Reconstruction was almost over; 3 states were out: VA, TX, MI

• Democrats: Sam J. Tilden

• Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes

• Popular vote: Tilden wins by 250k

• Electoral vote: Tilden was shy of votes needed

Spanish American War

Main cause: American expansionism and support for Cuban Nationalism; as a result, the U.S. gained possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Imperialism

The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories

Yellow Journalism

• Newspaper would print any story, true or false if it would sell papers

• Came from the idea of “do whatever it takes” which was associated with the color yellow

Military Shortages

30% of the army didn’t get equipment, Winter uniforms, bad beef, poor leadership, lack of smokeless gun powder, political partisanship

Platt Amendment

Said that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba whenever necessary

Teller Amendment

Said that the U.S. was fighting to free Cuba and not to keep Cuba

Seward’s Folly

Referred to Secretary of State William Seward’s negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino rebel. First helped the U.S troops convince the Spanish to surrender (during the rebellion against Spain). After being betrayed by the U.S, he led a second rebellion against U.S forces from 1899 to 1902.

• The leader of the Filipino-rebellion against first Spanish and then U.S. occupation

U.S.S. Maine

American battleship that exploded and sank in Cuba in 1898. (260 American soldiers were killed)

White Man’s Burden Alfred T. Mahan

The belief that it was the duty of whites to “civilize” non-white people through colonization or economic dominance of non-white lands

Commodore Dewey

Received the message from T. Roosevelt and attacked the Philippines. In Manila, they destroyed the Spanish fleet

Muckrakers

Wrote about corruption and big businesses. Also known as the Shit-journalists

Dollar Diplomacy

Followed by President William Taft and Secretary of State P. Knox; a policy whereby American influence would be exerted primarily by American banks and financial interests, supported in part by diplomats

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

Said by T.R.; described his foreign policy. a policy used by Theodore Roosevelt that threatened force to achieve foreign policy goals

Goals of the Progressives

Protecting social welfare; Promoting moral improvement; Creating economic reform; Fostering efficiency

Recall

Special election to determine if they stay or leave and there will be a new substitute if they’re out of office

Initiative & Referendum

• Initiative: petitions for something

• Referendum: a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

The Jungle

Book by Upton Sinclair; Example of progressive era muckraking

Bully Pulpit

• How T.R. saw his presidency, from which he could influence media/public opinion and shape legislation.

• Bully: Used to have a good meaning and have an extremely positive expression

Prohibition

The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933

Carrie Nation

Wanted anti alcohol reforms. Would go into bars with an ax and plot open beer and whiskey bottles

Settlement House

Places that supported immigrants from Europe

Jane Addams

Had a house that taught people English or how to sew

Pure Food & Drug Act

The law that requires truthful labels

Hepburn Act

A law that strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and gave it the power to set maximum railroad rates

Theodore Roosevelt

• Became president in 1901 at age 42 because of McKinley’s assassination

• His presidency was the beginning of modern presidency 

• He was always in the news 

• Progressive but not crazy progressive 

• Used his popularity and personality to advocate for his programs

• All future presidents were measured against him 

• Saw his presidency as a “bully pulpit” from which he could influence both media and public opinion and shape legislation

• Created the square deal for working class 

• Failed to support civil rights for African Americans

William H. Taft

• Was the secretary of war for Theodore Roosevelt 

• Handpicked by him as his successor

• During his administration the republican party began to split into conservatives and liberals because of mainly tariffs and conservation

Woodrow Wilson

Was president during WWI; Had/wanted a moral foreign policy

Election of 1912

• Wilson won. This was due to two candidates running for the republican party, giving the Democrats more votes.

  • Republicans: Taft

  • Democrats: Wilson

  • Liberal Republicans: Roosevelt

  • Socialist Party: Eugene V. Debs

General Causes (MAIN)

• Militarism: Belief in having strong armies, for their country

• Alliances

• Imperialism: The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories

• Nationalism: “We’re #1”, believing in the country's superiority.

Specific Causes (BUM)

• Blank Check: Russia’s and Germany’s alliances would join the war because they agreed to back them up when they were at war.

• Ultimatum: List of demands given to Serbia from Austria. One saying that they had to admit that they killed Franz Ferdinand (could end in war) or not admit it (end in war).

• Mobilization: Prepare for war (theorized ‘you can’t stop war’).

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Was the heir to the Austria-Hungary throne; Married to Sophie Ferndand. Was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (19-year-old part of the Black Hand). He was a Serbian who believed that Serbia didn't belong to the Austria-Hungary Empire. This led to the start of WW1

Treaty of Versailles

• In June 1919, leaders of countries involved in WW1 met in the French palace (Versailles) to write a war treaty.

• The treaty outlined the terms of the winners (allies) and what was expected of the losing countries (central powers). The Allies dictated a treaty to Germany, making them take the blame for the war.

Submarine Warfare

Germany would send U-boats, to sink British ships like the Lusitania.

Trench Warfare

The fighting style was popularly used in WWI. Soldiers would hide in trenches when fighting and more long-range weapons were used. Both sides used these trenches to protect themselves from artillery and machine guns. Trench warfare made it hard for battles to end because both sides could sit in the trenches and wait for attacks and it was hard to attack because getting out of the trenches made you an easy target.

Weimar Republic

Republic in Germany set up by allies, later taken over by Nazis.

Reparations

Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations to the allies; It was nearly impossible because the war left Germany's economy bankrupt

Causes of Depression

• Americans owed more money than ever before. Economic analysts and business executives believed the stock market could help people get out of debt, and encouraged Americans to invest as much money as they could. Americans were spending more money than they were saving

• Key Factors:

  • Unchecked stock speculation

  • Weak and unregulated banking institutions (would take life savings)

  • Overproduction of goods (wheat)

  • Decline of the farming industry (no longer a necessity for foreign countries after World War 1)

  • Unequal distribution of wealth

Herbert Hoover

President when depression started

Stock Market Crash

• Analysts’ warning that the bull market could not continue indefinitely and it made some investors nervous

• On October 28, 1929, investors rushed to the stock exchange and sold their stocks at a loss of over 4 billion dollars. 

  • Known as “black Tuesday” because orders to sell at any price swamped over the stock market

Election of 1932

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in; Ran against Herbert Hoover Hoover was unpopular because of the Depression; Landslide: Roosevelt, had 23 million votes: Hoover had 13 million

Franklin Roosevelt

Became president in 1932, Created the new deal, Made a deal with the press that they could meet with him every day and be as honest as he could with them if they never showed him as weak and handicapped, He was in a wheelchair because of polio, Cheated on his wife with his secretary

Bank Holiday

Closed all banks for a brief period of time

Eleanor Roosevelt

Roosevelt’s political partner traveled around the states to campaign for him.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp; Protect your money in the bank

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt used to have a talk show on the radio where he would talk to Americans, almost in a family-like setting, making them feel comfortable. He did this to explain his decisions in office to Americans, so they understood all of his choices.