Eisenhower from booklet

Flashcards about the Civil Rights Movement, the Eisenhower Administration, and 1950s American Society

What was the significance of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

A unanimous Supreme Court decision that stated 'separate but equal' had no place in education and was unconstitutional.

What was Plessy v. Ferguson?

1896 Supreme Court case that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

What major impact did Brown v. Board of Education have on the Civil Rights Movement?

It signaled the end of de jure segregation and encouraged the NAACP to launch more campaigns.

What Percentage of schools desegregated in 12 months in border states after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

70% of schools in border states desegregated.

What were some limitations of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

It gave no timeframe for desegregation and did nothing about de facto segregation.

What type of racist groups formed after Brown v. Board of Education's ruling?

Groups such as the White Citizens Council and the Southern Manifesto.

Who was Emmet Till?

A 14-year-old boy who was brutally murdered in the South for allegedly whistling at a white woman.

Who chose to have an open casket funeral to display the violence inflicted on Emmet Till?

Emmet Till's mother, Mamie Till.

What was the impact of the murder of Emmet Till and the open casket funeral?

It drew huge media attention and impacted many, including Rosa Parks, encouraging further activism.

What event sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white man on a bus and was arrested.

What type of boycott was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A city-wide bus boycott.

How much money did the city of Montgomery lose due to the bus boycott?

The city lost $1 million.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Browder v. Gayle?

That segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional.

What was the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in civil rights history?

It solidified Martin Luther King Jr. as a leader and demonstrated the influence of the church.

Who was Orval Faubus?

Governor of Arkansas who resisted desegregation.

What actions did Governor Faubus take during the Little Rock Crisis?

He surrounded the high school with national guardsmen to keep the 9 black students out.

What Executive order did Eisenhower pass to address the Little Rock Crisis?

Executive Order 10730.

What action did Eisenhower take in response to Faubus's defiance?

He ordered 1,200 paratroopers and 10,000 national guardsmen back to the school to protect the 9 students.

What are some key events from June 5 1950?

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, Sweatt v. Painter, Henderson v. United States.

Who was elected president in January 1953?

Eisenhower.

What city had a bus boycott in June 1953?

Baton Rouge.

Who was Earl Warren before he joined the Supreme Court?

Former governor of California.

When was the first white citizens council meeting held?

July 11 1954.

Who was adimtted and expelled from the University of Alabama in feb 1956?

Autherine Lucy.

Who led the massive resistance campaign in Feb 1956?

Senator Bryd.

How many southern politicians signed the Southern Manifesto in Feb-March 1956?

101.

What Supreme Court case declared bus segregation unconstitutional in Nov 1956?

Browder V Gayle.

What organization did MLK help found in Jan 1957?

The SCLC.

Who filibustered against the civil rights bill for 24 hours in 1957?

Strom Thurmond.

What act was passed in Sept 1957?

Civil rights act passed in Sept 1957.

What Supreme Court case declared any law trying to keep public schools desegregated was unconstitutional in 1958?

Cooper V Aaron.

What form of protest occurred in Feb 1960?

Student sit ins.

What organization was formed in April 1960?

SNCC.

What city school system finally desegregated in 1972?

Little rock.

How many white citizens council members were there in 1956?

125,000.

What was the greatest factor in passing civil rights acts?

Pressure from African Americans.

How much did the GNP (gross national product) rise from 1950 to 1960?

$355.3 billion to $487.76 billion.

What was the median family income in 1960?

$5620.

What percentage did factory wages rise between 1953-7?

8.6%.

By what percentage did the economy grew by during the 50s?

37%

How much money was spent on the military budget during the 1950s?

$40 billion.

What was one reason why the US's economy was in good shape in the 1950s?

The USA hadn’t suffered wartime damage.

The baby boom encouraged the purchasing of _

homes and children’s clothes and toys

What sales increased from 6 billion in 1950 to 13 billion in 1963?

TV sales.

Which credit card was introduced in 1950?

The diners club.

How many new homes were built between 1948-58?

13 million.

Who were the most famous suburban builders?

The Levitt brothers.

Growing car usage led to an increase in _

motels, fast food outlets and out of town shopping malls

Growing car usage led to an _

increase in service workers

What are examples of service workers?

waitresses and petrol station attendants.

why did The proportion of industrial workers fall from 39% to 36% during the 50s?

Growing automation in traditional heavy industries

By 1960 what percentage of Americans owned cars?

50%.

Popularity of entertainment and sport on TV led to a _

decline in cinema attendance

Who became senator for Wisconsin in 1946?

Joseph McCarthy.

What event happened in 1949?

China falls & soviets test their first atomic bomb

In 1952: McCarthy headed _

congressional committees that investigated communist subversives

What happened between April- June 1954?

McCarthy held televised hearings on communism in the army

what does “censured” mean?

expresseion of strong disapproval

How did McCarthy die?

Alcoholism

Why didn’t Eisenhower formally charge McCarthy at the start of his presidency?

Popular support within the republican party and with the public

What education programme did Eisenhower created

Free lunch programme

Did spending increase or decrease on defence during Eisenhower's time?

spending rose

What act was the largest peace time public works project in US history?

Federal highway act 1956

What was one of Eisenhower’s Key principles?

Reduced defence spending & avoid military industrial complex

Why was Geneva 1955 significant?

Geneva 1955 both leaders agreed they wanted to avoid war

What agreements did the soviets reject?

Atoms for peace, open skies and test ban

What governments did the CIA overthrow?

CIA overthrow governments in Iran 53, and Guatemala 54

What successful operation revealed there was no missile gap between 1954-60?

U2 spy planes

What did Khrushchev demand in Nov 1958?

Khrushchev demands west Berlin become a free city

What were Eisenhower’s General Aims in Asia?

End the war in Korea, Contain communism & Prevent domino theory

What did Eisenhower do in April 1954?

Explains his domino theory

What did they agree to at the Geneva conference in 1954?

Vietnam would be temporarily divided

Eisenhower in 1954 refused to sign what?

Eisenhower doesn’t sign and sets up a new state of south Vietnam

What year were free elections not held in Vietnam?

1956

what was the name of the democratically elected prime minister of Iran in 1951?

Mossadegh

In 1953, Eisenhower used the _

CIA to encourage an Iranian coup

Who created CENTO?

Dulles

commited the US to assist any nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism

Eisenhower doctrine

What did Dulles do in July 1956?

Withdrew an aid offer that Eisenhower had promised Egypt’s’ leader Colonel Nasser