sec3 bio, chap8, transport in humans

Thrombokinase

________ neutralises the action of heparin such that clotting can take place haemophilia.

metabolic waste

Function: allow useful substances to diffuse from the blood to the cells and ________ to diffuse from the cells to the blood.

P

________: Prothrombin (an inactive enzyme) is activated by thrombokinase and calcium ions to become 4.

Semilunar valves

________: to prevent backflow of blood.

LA

________ receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein 4. blood is passively pumped into the ventricles atrial systole, ventricular diastole 1. muscles of atria contract, ventricles relax 2. there is higher pressure in the atria than the ventricles 3. the bi /tricuspid valves open 4. blood is pumped past the tricuspid valves from the RA to RV 5. blood is pumped past the bicuspid valves from the ________ to LV atrial diastole, ventricular systole 1. muscles of atria relax, ventricles relax 2. there is higher pressure in the ventricles than atria 3. the bi /tricuspid valves close to prevent backflow of blood* (lub sound) 4. the pressure in the ventricles is higher than arteries and the semilunar valves open 5. the blood from the RV is pumped to the lungs thru the pulmonary artery 6. the blood from the LV is pumped to the rest of the body thru the aorta atrial diastole, ventricular diastole 1. muscles in atria and ventricles relax 2. pressure in ventricles becomes lower than arteries 3. semilunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood* (dub sound) one cycles pressure changes.

atherosclerosis

Less or no blood is supplied to the heart muscles ________.

Large lumen

________: reduces resistance of blood flow capillaries.

F

________: insoluble Fibrin threads which form mesh to trap blood cells functions of clot.

Transports hormones

________ from endocrine glands to target organs.

Heparin

________ (produced in the liver) prevents blood from clotting in undamaged blood vessels.

pulmonary veins

Function: (except ________) they transport deoxygenated blood at low pressure from all parts of body back to the heart.

Thick muscular wall

________: enables the artery to withstand the high pressure.

Medium septum

________ ensures that the deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle does not mix w the oxygenated blood in the left ventricle coronary arteries.

Thick elastic wall

________: it can stretch back & recoil to push blood in spurts (gives rise to pulses) veins.

Waste products

________ like urea and co2 diffuse from the cells into the tissue fluid and across the capillary walls into the blood to be carried to the excretory organs 8.8 components & functions of blood components of blood plasma.

Large sa

________: v ratio for substances to diffuse at a faster rate.

Glucose

________ diffuses out of the blood into the tissue fluid and into the cells transfer of waste products.

Atria walls

________ are thinner than ventricle walls as they pump blood to the ventricles only while the ventricles pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body.

systemic circulation

Adv: blood enters lungs at low pressure to allow sufficient time for blood to be well oxygenated before returning to heart ________.

blood clot

The ________ that forms is called thrombosis effects of CHD.

One cell

________ thick wall: enables substances to diffuse quickly between capillary and tissue fluid.

adv

blood enters lungs at low pressure to allow sufficient time for blood to be well oxygenated before returning to heart systemic circulation

adv

heart pumps blood at high pressure to rest of body to transport blood more quickly to body tissues 8.3 structure of heart

function

(except pulmonary arteries) they transport oxygenated blood at high pressure from the heart to all parts of body

thick muscular wall

enables the artery to withstand the high pressure

thick elastic wall

it can stretch back & recoil to push blood in spurts (gives rise to pulses) veins

function

(except pulmonary veins) they transport deoxygenated blood at low pressure from all parts of body back to the heart

semilunar valves

to prevent backflow of blood

large lumen

reduces resistance of blood flow capillaries

function

allow useful substances to diffuse from the blood to the cells and metabolic waste to diffuse from the cells to the blood

one-cell thick wall

enables substances to diffuse quickly between capillary and tissue fluid

large sa

v ratio for substances to diffuse at a faster rate

lowers blood pressure and allows slower flow of blood for more time for exchange of substances 8.7 transfer of materials between capillaries & tissue fluid transfer of oxygen 1. red blood cells pass through the capillaries and become bell-shaped 2. this increases sa

v ratio of the red blood cells for the release of oxygen and slows down the flow of blood 3. o2 diffuses out of rbc, into the blood plasma, across the capillary walls, into the tissue fluid and into the cells transfer of glucose

circular biconcave shape to increase the sa

v ratio for quicker diffusion of o2

characteristics

large, rounded nucleus, non-granular cytoplasm

functions

make antibodies which-

characteristics

lobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm

function

(phagocytosis) 1. move to foreign particle 2. engulf foreign particle 3. ingest & digest foreign particle platelets

def

cytoplasmic fragments from bone marrow cells

function

used in blood clotting PTPTFF blood clotting process 1

P

damaged tissue and Platelets release 2

T

Thrombokinase (an enzyme) 3

P

Prothrombin (an inactive enzyme) is activated by thrombokinase and calcium ions to become 4

T

Thrombin (an active enzyme) to make 5

F

soluble Fibrinogen which (with the help of thrombin) becomes 6

F

insoluble Fibrin threads which form mesh to trap blood cells functions of clot

can donate

to A and AB

can receive

from O blood type B

can donate

to B and AB

can receive

from O blood type AB

can donate

to AB only

can donate

to all

can receive

from O only blood transfusion

universal donor

blood group O

universal recipient

blood group AB 8.12 coronary heart disease what is coronary heart disease (CHD)

what is the function of the circulatory system?

ensures that every tissue and cell is supplied with oxygen and nutrients to carry out their function. it also transports waste materials like co2 and urea

what does the circulatory system consist of?

blood, blood vessels, heart

what are the 2 types of circulations?

pulmonary and systemic

describe a pulmonary circulation

it is when deoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before returning to the heart as oxygenated blood

what is the advantage of the pulmonary circulation?

blood is pumped at low pressure to the lungs during a pulmonary circulation, and this allows blood to flow slower so that there is sufficient time for blood to be well oxygenated at the lungs

describe a systemic circulation

it is when oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body via arteries. the blood becomes deoxygenated near the body cells and returns to the heart via veins as deoxygenated blood.

what is the advantage of the systematic circulation?

blood is pumped at high pressure during a systemic circulation so it can transport blood more quickly to body tissues and cells

why are atria walls thinner than ventricle walls?

atria only needs to pump blood a short distance to the ventricles, while ventricles need to pump blood a longer distance to the lungs and other parts of the body

why are the walls of the LV thicker than the RV?

the RV only pumps blood a shorter distance to the lungs, while the LV needs to pump blood a longer distances to the rest of the body

what is the function of the LV?

the LV pumps blood at high pressure to all parts of the body so that it flows at a faster rate to allow body cells to receive oxygen and nutrients at a faster rate. also so that the pressure of the blood is high enough to return to the heart later on

what is the function of the RV?

the RV pumps blood at low pressure to the lungs so that the blood flows at a slower rate to allow for sufficient time for exchange of gases at the lungs so blood can be oxygenated

what is the function of the septum?

it prevents mixing of oxygenated blood from the LV and deoxygenated blood from the RV

if the septum has a hole, what may happen?

deoxygenated blood from the RV will mix w oxygenated blood from the LV and the blood that is pumped from the LV to the other parts of the body will not have sufficient oxygen. thus there is less oxygen for respiration and less energy will be released. the person will become tired with slight exertion

what is the function of the coronary arteries?

the coronary arteries supply the heart muscles with useful substances like oxygen and digested food

what is the function of the semilunar/bicuspid/tricuspid valves?

they prevent backflow of blood

what is the function of the chorda(e) tendinea(e)?

they hold the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to prevent over-flipping

state the passage of blood flow in the body (starting from the rest of the body)

rest of the body -> vena cava -> RA -> RV -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> LA -> LV -> aorta -> rest of the body

define 1 cardiac cycle

1 cardiac cycle is also 1 heartbeat, or 1 atrial systole + atrial diastole / 1 ventricular diastole, ventricular systole

describe the "atrial diastole, ventricular diastole"

muscles of the atria and ventricle relax. RA receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. LA receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein. blood flows passively from the atria to the ventricles

describe the "atrial systole, ventricular diastole"

muscles of the atria contract, ventricles relax. the pressure in the atria is higher than the ventricles causing the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to open. blood is pumped past the tricuspid valves from the RA to the RV. blood is pumped past the bicuspid valves from the LA to LV

describe the "atrial diastole, ventricular systole"

muscles of the atria relax, ventricles contract. the pressure in the ventricles is higher than the atria. the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria. the pressure in the ventricles is higher than the arteries and causes the semilunar valves to open. blood is pumped from the RV to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. blood is pumped from the LV to the rest of the body through the aorta

describe the second "atrial diastole, ventricular diastole"

muscles of the atria and ventricles relax. the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery is higher than the ventricles and the semilunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

what produces a "lub-dub" sound?

the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves cause a "lub" sound. the closing of the semilunar valves cause a "dub" sound

what is the function of the arteries?

except for pulmonary arteries, the arteries transport oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body

why do arteries have a thick muscular and elastic wall?

they have a thick muscular wall to withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped through them. they have an elastic wall to stretch back and recoil, allowing them to push blood in spurts which gives rise to pulses

what is the function of the veins?

except for pulmonary vein, they transport deoxygenated blood at low pressure from the rest of the body to the heart

what is the function of the semilunar valves in the vein?

they prevent backflow of blood

what is the function of the large lumen of the vein?

it reduces resistance to the blood flowing through the veins

what is the function of the capillaries?

they allow useful substances to diffuse from the blood to the cells. they allow metabolic waste to diffuse from the cells to the blood

name 2 characteristics of capillaries

one-cell thick wall and they branch repeatedly

why does a capillary have one-cell thick wall?

to allow for rapid diffusion of substances between the capillaries and the tissue fluid

why do capillaries branch repeatedly?

to allow for larger sa:v ratio for rapid diffusion of substances from the capillaries to tissue fluid. it also lowers blood pressure and allows slower flow of blood for sufficient time for exchange of substances

describe the transfer of oxygen between capillaries and tissue fluid.

red blood cells pass through the capillaries and become bell-shaped. the sa:v ratio of rbcs increases and slows down the flow of blood. o2 diffuses out of rbc, into the blood plasma, into the tissue fluid, and into the cells

describe the transfer of glucose between capillaries and tissue fluid

the glucose diffuses out of the blood plasma into the tissue fluid and into the cells

describe the transfer of waste products between capillaries and tissue fluid

the waste products like urea and co2 diffuse from the body cells into the tissue fluid and across the capillary walls into the blood to be carried to the excretory organs

what are the components of blood?

plasma (consisting of 90% water and 10% proteins and dissolves substances) and cellular elements (rbcs, wbcs, platelets)

what is the function of rbcs?

they transport oxygen to all parts of the body from the heart

what are the 4 adaptations of rbcs?

they have a circular biconcave shape, they are elastic, they contain haemoglobin and lack a nucleus

why do rbcs have circular biconcave shape?

to increase sa:v ratio for rapid diffusion of oxygen into the body cells

why are rbcs elastic?

to allow them to become bell-shaped to squeeze through narrow capillaries

why do rbcs have haemoglobin?

to bind reversibly to oxygen and form oxyhaemoglobin to transport oxygen to the parts of the body

why do rbcs lack a nucleus?

to allow for more haemoglobin to be stored in the rbc

what are the 2 types of white blood cells?

lymphocyte and phagocyte

what are the characteristics of a lymphocyte?

they have a large, round nucleus and a non-granular cytoplasm

what are the functions of lymphocytes?

they make antibodies which 1. attach to viruses and prevent binding to host cell 2. destroy bacteria by rupturing their surface 3. causes bacteria to clump and agglutinate for phagocytes to consume easily 4. neutralise toxins produced by the bacteria