Everything

Diffusion

water moves through a membrane; high to low concentration

Osmosis

water moves through a membrane; low to high concentration

Hypertonic

more dissolved stuff (cell shrinks)

Hypotonic 

less dissolved stuff (cell swells) 

Isotonic

cell stays the same

Facilitated diffusion

use membrane proteins; with gradient, doesn’t require energy

Active Transport 

use membrane proteins; against gradient; needs energy

Endocytosis

enter; takes. in macromolecules.

Exocytosis

outside; exports large cells

Phagocytosis

eats; surronds cells w/ membrane; use lysosomes to digest 

Pinocytosis

drinks 

Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis

absorbs proteins

Tight Junctions

binds cell tightly together, forming a leakproof sheet

Gap Junctions

forms a channel that allows small molecules to flow in between neighboring cells

Plasmodesmata

• a thread of cytoplasm 

• through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

• allows communication between them.

Connexon

formation of the gap junctions

Exergonic

release of energy (happens randomly)

Endergonic

entering of energy

Enzymes are…

• Organic catalysts

• lower activation energy 

• -ase (usually)

Enzymes works…

• on substrate 

• attaches to active site 

• Coenzyme (vitamins)

• Cofactors (minerals) 

• lock and key and induced fit model 

Denaturing

prementently stops enzyme from working

• wrong ph

• high temps

Inhibitors

stops enzyme from doing it’s job 

• Allosteric - change shape

• Competitive - block entry 

Cell Membrane

• defines cells

• controls what gets in/out

• 2 layers of phospholipids

Cell Wall

• not in animal

• provides structural support, strength and protection

Nucleus

cotains genetic materials (DNA)

Nucleous

where ribosomes are made

Cytoplasma

liquid inside cells 

Vacuole

storage sac; helps plants stand up

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

tubes for transport

ER rough

has ribosomes

ER smooth

has no ribosomes

Golgi body

prepares cell products for export

Lysosomes

digestive enzymes

Chloroplasts

performs photosynthesis

Mitochondria 

cellular respiration obtains energy from food 

Cytoskeleton

proteins fibers that help with cell movement and support (like a real life skeleton)

Cilia & Flagella

• for movement

• hair-like structures

Centrioles 

may help with cell division; not in most plants. 

Ribosomes

decode RNA and make proteins

Magnification

how big the picture of the cell gets

ex - 0.2,0.4,0.6

Resolution

quality

Transmission elec.

• electrons through the specimen

• specimen must be thin slice (bad)

• higher resolution (good)

Scanning elec. 

• bounces electrons off surface 

• high resolution (good) 

• expensive (bad)

• 3-D

Limits of Cell Size

• keeps cell from getting big

• 1in 3in

• size goes up - volume increases faster than surface area 

Prokaryotes

• small

• no nucleus and membrane

• 1 chromosome

• unicellular

Eukaryotes

• larger

• nucleus

• many chromosomes

• uni or multicellular