APWH Semester 1 Finals Vocab

Theological

relating to the study of God

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Divinity

The state or quality of being divine; godliness; the study of religion or theology.

Temporal

Relating to worldly, secular affairs, rather than spiritual or religious matters; also refers to time or the passage of time.

Ecclesiastical

Pertaining to the church or its clergy, especially in a formal or organized context.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, known for their missionary work, education, and intellectual pursuits.

Shogunate

A Japanese system of government where the military ruler (shogun) held actual power, while the emperor remained a symbolic figurehead.

Cynicism

An attitude or belief that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism about others' sincerity or goodness.

Ambivalence

The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory attitudes toward something or someone.

Treatise

A written work or scholarly article that systematically and thoroughly discusses a particular subject.

Burgeoning

Growing or expanding rapidly; flourishing.

Collegial

Relating to or characterized by the sharing of responsibility or authority, typically among colleagues or peers.

Espoused

Adopted or supported a belief, cause, or theory; married (in a formal sense).

Pragmatic

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically, based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism as the official religion of their territories.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by King Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots (French Protestants), ending the French Wars of Religion.

Wars of Spanish Succession

A series of conflicts (1701-1714) fought to determine who should succeed to the Spanish throne after the death of the childless King Charles II.

Eastern Orthodox Church

A branch of Christianity that split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 11th century, with its followers primarily in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and Russia.

Shareholders

Individuals or institutions that own shares or stocks in a company or corporation.

Imposition

The act of forcing something upon someone, such as a rule, law, or burden.

Stratification

The arrangement or classification of something into different layers or levels, often in a social context, indicating inequality.

Viceroyalties

Large administrative units within empires, where a viceroy governs on behalf of the monarch.

Promulgation

The formal proclamation or declaration of a law, decree, or policy.

Hapsburgs

A powerful European royal family that ruled over Austria, Spain, and much of Central Europe, particularly from the 15th to 18th centuries.

Patronage

The support, encouragement, or financial assistance provided by patrons, often in the arts, business, or politics.

Sovereignty

The supreme power or authority of a state to govern itself or control its own territory without interference from outside forces.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Ire

Intense anger or rage.

Tenets

Principles or beliefs that form the foundation of a system or doctrine.

Toleration

The practice of allowing others to hold different beliefs or opinions without persecution or discrimination.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group adopts the customs, culture, and norms of a dominant group, often losing its own distinct identity.

Steppe

A large, flat, treeless plain, often found in parts of Eurasia, characterized by cold winters and hot summers.

Eurasia

The combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.

Principalities

Territories or regions ruled by a prince or monarch, often smaller than kingdoms.

Pax Mongolica

A period of relative peace and stability across Eurasia during the Mongol Empire, facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and travel along the Silk Road.

Triangular Trade

A system of transatlantic trade in the 16th-19th centuries, involving the exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Metallurgy

The science and technology of extracting and working with metals.

Retraction

The action of withdrawing or taking back a statement or belief.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas develop into cities, often marked by population growth, industrialization, and changes in infrastructure.

Bactrian

A breed of domesticated camel native to Central Asia, known for its two humps and used in trade along the Silk Road.

Mohammedan

An outdated and now largely avoided term historically used to refer to Muslims or their religion, Islam. It is considered disrespectful by many as it implies that Islam is centered around the prophet Muhammad, rather than God (Allah).

Jizya

A tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects in Islamic states, in exchange for protection and exemption from military service.

Chivalrous

Relating to the medieval code of knights, characterized by courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women and others.

Lateen Sails

Triangular sails used on ships, which allowed for better navigation, especially when sailing against the wind. They were important in Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade.

Rudders

A vertical blade used for steering a ship or boat, typically located at the stern.

Chattel Slave

A form of slavery in which individuals are treated as personal property or "chattel" that can be bought, sold, or inherited.

Devshirme

The Ottoman Empire practice of collecting Christian boys from the Balkans, converting them to Islam, and training them as soldiers (janissaries) or bureaucrats.

Jihad

In Islam, "struggle" or "striving." It refers to the spiritual struggle against sin, and in some contexts, it also refers to armed struggle in defense of Islam.