chemistry exam 2

Aldoses contain…

Aldehyde

Ketoses contain…

ketoses

Carbons are chiral when…

they have 4 different atoms or groups

Opposite of chiral

Achiral

L-fisher

OH is on the left

D-fisher

OH is on the right

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates INCLUDES D-Glucose, D-Fructose, and D-Galactose. All hexose that are isomers of each other.

Glucose

Blood sugar

Galactose

Brain sugar

Fructose

Fruit sugar (Pentagon as a fisher projection cause its a ketohexose)

Alpha

OH is on the bottom

Beta

OH is on the top

Ose—> turns into

-itol

Disaccharides

When 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration reaction (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

Maltose

Malt sugar, Made from 2 D-glucose molecules

Lactose

Milk sugar, Made from D-Galactose + D-Glucose

Sucrose

Table sugar, D-Glucose + Beta-D-fructose

Reducing sugars have…

A hemiacetal and experience mutarotation (Maltose and Lactose)

Polysaccharides

Multiple chained monosaccharides (Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen, Cellulose), all contain D-Glucose

Amylose

Alpha-1,4 bond, Helical and unbranched

Amylopectin

Alpha-1,4 AND Alpha-1,6, Helical and BRANCHED

Glycogen

Alpha-1,4 and Alpha-1,6, Helical and HIGHLY branched

Cellulose

Beta-1,4, Unbranched

Carboxylic acid prefixes

1- form

2-acet

3-propion

4-butyr

Alpha for carboxylic acid is the….

carbon nearest to the carboxylic acid

Lipids…

contain ester bonds and are NONPOLAR

Acid is more or less soluble than alcohol

More soluble because it can accept more hydrogens

Carboxylic acid + alcohol —>…

Ester + water (Basically connects at the OH’s an leaves an oxygen)

Naming esters

1st. Alkyl group (-yl), 2nd. Carboxylate (-ic→-ate)

Ester + water →…

Carboxylic + alcohol (You add H2O which results you in ending up with 2 molecules with -OH groups)

Ester + Strong base →…

Carboxylate salt + alcohol (This is when charges are involved. Ig just cut the OH group then pair the O- with the other atom)

Esters are only soluble when…

they have 2-5 carbons, They initiate 0 and accepts 4 hydrogens

Saturated fatty acids

Single bonded carbon

Monounsaturated

Double bonded carbons

Polyunsaturated

Multiple double bonded carbons

How many carbons are in wax?

14-30 carbons in an ester

Triglyceride + H2

WHen you add H to break the double bonds

Hydrolysis

WHen you add H2O to break the of the O a=to create OH for the backbone and tails