AP Psych Unit 7 - Motivation & Emotion

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/102

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

103 Terms

1
New cards

Needs

biological and emotional necessities that when lacking, activates a stress motive/response which causes a change in behavior

2
New cards

Motivation

emotional, cognitive, and psychological impulses that stimulate a person to behave in ways to accomplish a goal

  • the result of unfulfilled needs

  • the cause of behavioral action

3
New cards

Drives

actions and behaviors caused by motivational impulses

4
New cards

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

  • motivation is viewed as unpleasant stress and tension in response to unfulfilled needs

  • tension becomes the impetus of behavior

  • drives replenish needs to homeostatic balance

5
New cards

Achievement Motivation

basic human impulses that drive individuals to obtain goals; prior success is serves as motivation for future accomplishment

6
New cards

Extrinsic Incentives

external rewards

7
New cards

Intrinsic Incentive

internal rewards

8
New cards

Overjustification Effect

the paradoxical phenomenon in which overcompensating otherwise desirable (intrinsically fun) behavior can actually lower its interest

9
New cards

Goal setting

  • clearly defined

  • establish a methodical, step-by-step plan

  • keep a record of progress

  • create smaller and more obtainable steps that are achievable

10
New cards

Need of Autonomy

  • having control over oneself and ones environment

  • ability to make independent decisions / choices

11
New cards

Need of Legacy

  • remembrance beyond ones own lifetime

  • eternalizing your own life so that your existence can be remembered after your death

  • Ex. starting a family

12
New cards

Need of Affiliation

  • psychological need to join with others and form a group

  • social interaction

  • belonging / fitting in

13
New cards

Stanley Schacter

  • studied the Psychology of Affiliation

  • Companionship is positively correlated to emotional stress and anxiety

14
New cards

Cognitive Consistency

  • the psychological need to maintain a stable, emotional balance

  • consistencies between ones inner personality and their outward behaviors and attitudes

  • imbalances / conflicts between thoughts and behavior lead to cognitive dissonance

15
New cards

Cognitive Dissonance

feelings of uncomfortable emotional stress resulting from inconsistencies / contradictions between ones thoughts and conflicting actions; leads one to attempt to rationalize and justify illogical actions; guilt motivates a change of behavior

16
New cards

Sensation

bio-cognitive process of gathering environmental stimuli & avoiding monotony

17
New cards

Stimulus Arousal Theory

basic need to seek stimulation for amusement and exploration; lack of sensory stimulation creates boredom

18
New cards

Yerkes-Dodson Law

  • Individual task performance will increase with psychological or emotional arousal

  • if/when stress elevates too high, individual performance will decrease

  • optimal range of arousal (not too much, not too little)

19
New cards

Sensory Deprivation

the absence of sensory stimulation resulting from being confined in an environment in which it is unattainable to absorb & process sensory images

20
New cards

McGill University Study

  • CIA funded study in Canada

  • Volunteers were placed in small boxes which allowed no sensory stimulation

  • People could ring a bell if they wanted out

21
New cards

Results of McGill University Study

  • 1/3 of participants quit by the end of the first day

    • symptoms of cognitive disorientation, time distortion

  • 2/3 quit by the end of the 3rd day

    • symptoms of rambled speech, lack of focus, amplified sensation

  • 5th day, only 3 participants remained

    • symptoms of hallucinations, delusion, psychosis

22
New cards

Socio-cultural mechanisms of hunger

eating as a focal point of social situations

23
New cards

Emotional Mechanisms of Hunger

  • Food / eating serves as a stress reliever

  • Provides emotional comfort (stress, boredom, etc.)

  • Foods high in starches & sugars promote the release

24
New cards

Sensation & Perception of Hunger

sight, smell, & taste accentuate hunger response; olfaction doesn’t stimulate hunger

25
New cards

Purpose of the mouth in hunger

  • expansion / contraction of jaw muscles elicits saliva

  • stimulates release of serotonin

26
New cards

Purpose of the stomach in hunger

  • plays a smaller role in hunger than once believed

  • pressure receptors respond to the expansion of the stomach lining

27
New cards

Purpose of the GI Tract in hunger

  • absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

  • detects glucose-insulin exchange in blood → sends chemical signals to the brain

28
New cards

Biochemical process of hunger

  1. hunger chemicals regulated by serotonin

  2. low glucose levels trigger the release of orexin

    • initiates hunger response

  3. food consumption controles glucose by secreting insulin into bloodstream

  4. increased insulin levels trigger obestatin in the brain → hunger stops

29
New cards

Orexin

  • triggered by low glucose levels

  • initiates hunger response

30
New cards

Obestatin

  • triggered by increased insulin levels

  • stops hunger response

31
New cards

Lateral Hypothalamus

responsive to orexin & initiates the physical hunger response

32
New cards

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

responsive to obestatin & initiates satiety

33
New cards

Set point

the body’s natural “thermostat” for maintaining hunger / weight balance

34
New cards

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

the rate of energy expenditure while at a state of rest

  • regulates metabolism based upon food availability / scarcity

  • primitive biological protective mechanism to prevent starvation

  • determined by genetics & early feeding habits

35
New cards

Feeding / Eating Disorders

  • have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric conditions

  • women (35-45) compose the most rapidly diagnosed

  • males are increasing at an alarming rate

36
New cards

Comorbidity

the simultaneous existence of two mental health problems; can exacerbate symptoms’ severity (ex. OCD & body dysmorphia)

37
New cards

Biological explanation for EDs

biochemical, genetic, anatomical abnormalities

38
New cards

Cognitive explanation for EDs

misperception with body image → distorted mental processing

39
New cards

Psychodynamic explanation for EDs

unconscious “glitch” with adolescent metamorphosis from child to adult

40
New cards

Humanistic explanation for EDs

emotional vulnerability & inadequacies; control mechanisms

41
New cards

Socio-cultural explanation for EDs

cultural conformity & peer influence; “barbie doll image”

42
New cards

Anorexia Nervosa

  • severe obsession with weight loss

  • phobic anxiety of weight gain

  • distorted perception of body image (body dysmorphia)

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • self-imposed starving, purging

  • Chief Diagnostic Symptom

    • BMI below 15% of normal, healthy weight

43
New cards

Bulimia Nervosa

  • lack of self control & guilt with overconsumption of food

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • cycles of binge eating and purging

    • purging as a guilt reflex to prevent excessive weight gain

  • Chief Diagnostic Symptom

    • average / above average BMI

44
New cards

Purging Methods

  • self-induced vomiting

  • misusing laxative & diuretics

  • abusing thermogenics & weight loss pills

  • excessive & compulsive exercise

45
New cards

Partial Symptom Orthorexia

obsessive commitment to healthy eating / dieting without purging

46
New cards

Orthorexia Nervosa

  • limited normal food intake (not starving)

  • purging behaviors cause below normal BMI

47
New cards

Binge Eating Disorder

  • behavioral addiction / obsession with food

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • cyclical binge eating episodes

  • Chief Diagnostic Symptom

    • obesity / morbid obesity

48
New cards

ARFID

  • intentional restriction / avoidance of food

  • avoidance of taste and texture of food

  • anxiety that eating may cause illness

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • weight loss / malnourishment but without an unhealthy preoccupation with size and form of body (no purging behavior)

49
New cards

Rumination Disorder

  • automatic regurgitation of undigested food shortly after eating

  • similar to the belching reflex but with undigested food

  • food often rechewed / swallowed

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • common in children

    • not diagnosed with other medical / digestive system conditions

50
New cards

PICA

  • persistent eating of non-nutritive substances / objects

  • Behavioral Criteria

    • apetite is inappropriate for age with no developmental abnormality

  • common objects

    • soil, clay, ashes, chalk, soap, paper, cotton balls

    • skin, blood, scabs, hair, mucus, feces, urine

51
New cards

Instinct Theory of Motivation

  • biological theory

  • fixed action patterns → genetic transmissions of innate behavior

  • behavioral patterns that are bio-cognitive, not learned by nurture

  • motivation for primal actions & behavioral reflexes

52
New cards

Socio-cultural Theory of Motivation

  • human behavior is a reflection of one’s culture

  • behaviors are learned responses to social environments

  • cultural norms / values dictate appropriate standards of behaviors & individuals are naturally motivated to conform to social routine

53
New cards

Humanistic theory of Motivation

  • people are motivated by conscious desire for personal growth & fulfillment needs

  • achievement of goals & self-accomplishment

  • fulfillment of essential needs

54
New cards

Abraham Maslow

  • founder of humanistic point of view

  • he said that human behavior is motivated to achieve meaningful significance

  • hierarchy of needs

55
New cards

Hierarchy of Needs

  1. physiological needs → bio necessities for life

  1. safety → protection, shelter, financial security

  1. love & belonging → companionship

  1. esteem → recognition / status

  1. self actualization → fulfillment of one’s potential; awareness & acceptance of reality of one’s self

56
New cards

3 Elements of Emotion

  1. physiological elements

  2. cognitive elements

  3. behavioral elements

57
New cards

Biological Elements of Emotion

  • nervous system reactions to environmental stimuli

  • biochemical transmissions (serotonin / dopamine)

  • amygdala (survival emotions)

  • frontal lobe (mood emotions)

  • accumbens nucleus (pleasure / reward)

58
New cards

Cognitive Elements of Emotion

  • consciously learning from situational experiences / previous states of emotion

  • learning how to control / self-regulate emotions

  • emotional intelligence

59
New cards

Behavioral Elements of Emotion

  • actions based upon emotional states

  • expressing / displaying emotion

  • facial expressions & universal displays of emotion

60
New cards

Paul Ekman

  • established a universal taxonomy standardizing human facial expressions

  • Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

61
New cards

Biological Explanation of emotion

  • emotions are psychosomatic sensations activated by nervous system responses

  • stimulates the release of hormones and other biochemicals

  • biochemistry activates the anatomical functions of the frontal lobe / amygdala

62
New cards

James-Lange Theory

  • emotions are products of responses to physiological reactions to events / stimuli

  • emotions operate sequentially

    • 1) event → 2) physical symptoms → 3) emotional symptoms

63
New cards

Cannon-Bard Theory

  • symptoms of physiological arousal & emotional sensations respond simultaneously to stimuli

  • event → physical symptoms & emotional symptoms

64
New cards

Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory

  • Emotion is based on

    1. physiological arousal of nervous system

    2. cognitive appraisal

65
New cards

Cognitive Appraisal

conscious understanding / interpretation of events

66
New cards

Schacter’s Experiments of Cognitive Appraisal

  • 184 participants were deceived to believe they were volunteers in an experimental treatment to “cure” poor eyesight

  • control group – injected with saline placebo

  • Test Group A – injected adrenaline and told of its effects

  • Test Group B – injected adrenaline but uninformed of the effects

  • participants were placed in a waiting room with a confederate who was instructed to act

  • Results

    • participants uninformed mirrored the confederate

    • participants informed were able to cognitively appraise themselves and control their behavior

    • awareness of one’s emotions = better control of one’s emotions

67
New cards

Instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species (unlearned)

68
New cards

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced / constant internal state

69
New cards

Incentive

a positive / negative environment stimuli that motivates behavior

70
New cards

Self Determination Theory

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

71
New cards

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or a group

72
New cards

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major sources of energy for body tissue

73
New cards

Psychological disorders

a disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behavior that causes distress or suffering and impairs with daily life

74
New cards

Medical Model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured

75
New cards

Diathesis-stress Model

the concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders

76
New cards

Epigenics

the study of the molecular mechanisms by which can influence genetic expression

77
New cards

Polygraph

a machine used in attempts to detect lies; measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing

78
New cards

Facial Feedback Effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or joy

79
New cards

Behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own & other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

80
New cards

Health psychology

a subfield of psychology that explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness

81
New cards

Eustress

positive stress

82
New cards

Distress

negative stress

83
New cards

Stress

the emotional, cognitive, and physical responses to an adverse or threatening stimulus

84
New cards

Type A people

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, angry people

85
New cards

Type B people

easy-going, relaxed people

86
New cards

People become motivated when…

…when the goal is their goal

87
New cards

Ghrelin

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

88
New cards

Obesity

a body mass index of 30+ which is calculated from our weight-to-height ratio

89
New cards

Tend and Befriend Response

under stress, people may nurture themselves and others and bond with/seek support form others

90
New cards

Coronary Heart Disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

91
New cards

Prader-Willi Study

Studies on individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome aim to understand how genetic abnormalities impact appetite regulation and metabolism; the syndrome results in a dysfunction in the hypothalamus, which regulates various bodily functions, including appetite. Individuals with the syndrome never feel satiated

92
New cards

What drives binge eating?

reward, more than metabolic need

93
New cards

Highly palatable foods…

…can mimic opioid drugs by releasing opioids or activating sensitized receptors

94
New cards

Catharsis

various therapeutic mechanisms that provide relief to strong, repressed emotions / stress

95
New cards

Hans Selye

  • he thought of General Adaptation Syndrome

  • application of endocrinology & biochemical stress responses

96
New cards

Phase 1 of General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Alarm

  • initial reactions to a stressor

  • Sympathetic Nervous System → freeze, fight, flight

  • Epinephrine & cortisol

97
New cards

Phase 2 of General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Resistance

  • physiological attempt to revert back to homeostatic balances (Parasympathetic Nervous System)

  • Norepinephrine sedates the body allowing for time to process the event and evaluate for an appropriate response

98
New cards

Phase 3 of General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Exhaustion

  • Time period in which the immune system is most depleted, making one most vulnerable to illness, death

99
New cards

General Adaptation Syndrome

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative

100
New cards

Diathesis Stress Conditions

physiological disorders (or related symptoms) that develop or increase in severity due to psychological stress

  • headaches & migraines

  • stomach ulcers

  • gastrointestinal issues

  • sleep disorders

  • heart disease