Regulation of Metabolism and Photosynthesis

oxidation

electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen molecules in the electron transport chain, which ultimately combines with protons to form water

Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis involves the addition of a phosphate group to ADP through ATP synthase

Electron transport chain

series of protein complexes and electron carriers

electrons from these carriers (NADH, FADH₂ are transferred through this

electron transport chain

pumps protons from matrix to intermembrane space (creates electrochemical gradient)

chemiosmosis

movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient from intermembrane space back into the matrix

ATP synthase does this work

ATP synthesis

energy released from chemiosmosis drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

oxidation phosphorylation in cellular respiration

exergonic oxidation reactions coupled to endergonic movement of H+ into the intermembrane space

exergonic movement of H+ into the matrix is coupled to endergonic ATP synthesis

complex four of electron transport chain shuts down- causing ETC to be inhibited

what happens to Electron transport chain when oxygen level is low during oxidative phosphorylation

proton pump is shut off- proton gradient is NOT set up

what happens to proton gradient when oxygen level is low during oxidative phosphorylation

ATP synthesis is inhibited- since it is really dependent on the proton gradient (which is not set up) it can’t function normally

what happens to ATP synthesis when oxygen level is low during oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH and FADH₂ accumulate- they drop off electrons through electron transport chain- the balance of these electron carriers is thrown off because there is now an overstock of electrons from both

increased NADH- lower NAD+

increased FADH₂- lower FAD

what happens to NADH and FADH₂ when oxygen level is low during oxidative phosphorylation?

citric acid cycle- needs NAD+ and FAD

pyruvate oxidation- needs NAD+

glycolysis- needs NAD+

what processes overall are impacted by low NAD+ and FAD levels

NADH transfers electrons to acetaldehyde→ converting it into ethanol

NADH transfers electrons to pyruvate→ converting it into lactate

NAD+ fermentation details

ATP

catabolism of lipids and proteins can also yield

trigylcerides

glycero

lipids used in energy storage

and what are they broken down into by catabolism?

2 CO₂

1 ATP

3 NADH

1 FADH₂

per molecule of acetyl Co-A, what does citric acid cycle produce?

carbohydrates

are the preferred source of energy for most tissues/organisms

lipids

highly nonpolar/hydrophobic- transportation issue

more chemically inert/not as reactive as carbohydrates

proteolysis

proteins can be broken down into their constituent amino acids through

these amino acids can then be metabolized to produce energy

Anabolism

utilize ATP generated from catabolic reactions to synthesize macromolecules

carbohydrate anabolism

is a synthesis of carbohydrates using energy

requires energy input

increase in carbohydrates leads to an increase in ATP production

glycogenesis

converting glucose into starch carbohydrates (glycogen or starch)

requires energy, ATP

increases Acetyl CoA, which leads to fatty acid synthesis

in lipid anabolism, an increase in carbohydrates does what to acetyl CoA?

they are polar compounds that are easier to transport

more reactive than lipids

why are carbohydrates the preferred fuel source?

photosynthesis

plants can make their own food using light energy from the sun

photosynthesis

takes place in the chloroplasts, tiny green structures found in the green parts of plants

carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen

producers (plants)

make or produce the beginnings of most of the food energy on earth

consumers (animals)

eats part of a plant, takes the plant’s stored food energy

primary consumers

animals that eat plants directly (chemicals pass to organisms that eat plants)

secondary consumers

animals that get their food energy by eating other animals

decomposers

break down and take energy from dead things into their bodies

they enrich the soil, helping plants grow, creating more food energy

mesophyll

the cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called _________

(primary site of photosynthesis)

stomata

small pores found on the surface of leaves, and they let CO₂ diffuse into the mesophyll layer and O₂ diffuse out

chloroplasts

each mesophyll cell contains organelles called______, which are specialized to carry out the reactions of photosynthesis

thylakoids

within each chloroplast are disc-like structures called

the membrane of each of these contains green-colored pigments

chlorophylls

the membrane of each thylakoid contains green-colored pigments called _____ that absorb light

light-dependent reactions- occurs in thylakoids

calvin cycle (light independent reactions)- occurs in stroma

photosynthesis contains of two types of reactions:

redox reactions

electron transport

ATP synthesis using a proton gradient

light dependent reactions

light energy

can be converted to other forms of energy

photons

light behaves as though it consists of discrete particles, called

a photon of light

has a discrete amount of energy-dependent on its wavelength

when a photon of light interacts with a compound it can be:

reflected

transmitted

absorbed (energy is transferred to the compound)

electrons in the compound

when a photon of light is absorbed, energy is transferred to _____

high energy state

(Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis)

energy from light propels the electrons from a photosystem into a

photosystem 1 and 2, located in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

in plants, there are two photosystems, where are they located?

pigments

each photosystem is made up of many different ____

absorption pigments

transfer energy from sunlight into another pigment

passes the photon energy to another pigment that absorbs a similar or lower wavelength of light