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the 4 moods of sentences
Indicative- express a fact statement
imperative- express a command
subjunctive- express unreal situations
infinitive- expresses action
the 8 parts of speech
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, interjection
noun- person place thing
pronoun- specific nouns “she’s her”
verb- words that describe actions
adjective- words that describe nouns
preposition- relationship between other words in a sentence
conjunction- and but
interjection- abrupt remark
alliteration
occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words
ex- Peter piper picked a pepper
allusion
indirect reference to a well known person, character, place or event
ex: sam is young and hungry for success
allegory
a story poem or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning a
antecedent
person, place, thing or clause represented by a pronoun
Ex: “Janet says she is allergic to celery”
archetype
an idea, symbol, patter or character type in a story that appears again and again
assonance
poetic technique of rhyming vowel sounds
ex: his tender heir might bear his memory - repetition of “eh”
blank verse
poetry written in unrhymed but metered lines
clause
group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a relationship
ex: when it rained they went outside
connotation
implied judgment or value placed on a ward through the way it makes the author, speaker, or audience feel
couplet
a pair of end-rhymed lines of verse that are self-contained in grammatical structure and meaning (two consecutive rhyming lines)
double double toil and trouble
denotation
literal dictionary definition of a word, without any emotional and or implied meaning hidden beyond the literal
chef and cook
diction
linguistic choices a writer makes to effectively convey an idea, a point of view or tell a story
the style of speaking of writing
euphemism
substitution of a less offensive or agreeable expression for an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant
passed away instead of died
figurative language
type of communication that does not use a words strip or realistic meaning
foil
character who contrasts with another character typically protagonist
free verse
name given to poetry that doesn’t use any strict meter or rhyme scheme
hyperbole
rhetorical and literary technique where an author or speaker intentionally uses exaggeration and overstatement for emphasis and effect
example: im so hungry I could eat a horse
imagery
encompasses the use of literal or figurative language to add symbolism and enable the reader to imagine the world of the piece of literature , language that stimulates the readers senses
visual imagery
irony
whenever a person says something or does something that departs from what they expect them to say or do
dramatic irony- when the audience knows something that the character dont
verbal irony- contradiction between what is said and what is meant
situational irony- the opposite of what is expected actually happens
literal
uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meanings or denotation - exactly what is written
metaphor
describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison
mood
the emotion the author strives to evoke in the reader
motif
an object, image, sound, or phrase that is repeated throughout a story to point toward the story larger theme
repeated reference
onomatopoeia
uses the letter sounds of a word to imitate the natural sound emitted from an object of action
oxymoron
a word or group of words that is self contradicting
“original copy”
paradox
one having seemingly contradictory quality or phrases
I must be true only to be kind
parallelism
coordinate ideas are arranged in phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording.
parody
imitation of the style and manner of a particular writer or school of writers
bored of the rings
personification
a person, animal, or object rewarded as representing or embodying a quality, concept, or thing
the sun smiled down on us
prepositional phrase
group of words consisting of a prepositions, its object, and any words that modify the object
during intermission is the best time to get a drink
rhetorical
of, relating to, or concerned with the art of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people.
satire
type of social commentary
using sarcasm and exaggeration
setting
where and when a story or scene takes place
simile
use like or as to compare two different things and show a common quality between them
soliloquy
character speaks to him or herself relating his or her innermost thoughts and feelings as if thinking aloud
sonnet
type of poem that is fourteen lines in length and follows a rhyme scheme
stanza
a division of a poem consisting of two or more lines arranged together as a unit
symbol
object, person, situation or an action that has a literal meaning in a story but suggests or represents other meaning
synecdoche
figure of speech in which a part represents the whole
jack got some new wheels- jack got a new car
syntax
word order, tense, subject verb agreement and even sentence length
theme
what the story is truly about at its core
tone
authors attitude towards a certain topic
types of narrator / narrative perspective
first person- I and we
second person- you
third person - he she it or they
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