world war I

what were the main causes of ww1?

M.- militarism

A.- Alliances

I.-imperialism

N.-nationalism

Triple Alliance (pre-war)

• Germany,

• Austria-Hungary,

• Italy,

Triple Entente (pre-war)

• Russia

• Great Britain

• France

how did the war start?

June 28,1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary, was assassinated by Serbian nationalist, Gavrillo Princip, in Sarajevo

genocide=

it is a mess extermination of a particular group of people

total war=

is when all resources are devoted to war

• took control of economy

• controlled what factories produced

• rationing (

Gallipoli Campaign 1915-16:

• gateway to attacking Constantinoples to defeat Ottomans

• would allow supply line to Russia

• stalemate then Ottoman wins

significance of Gallipoli Campaign:

• lead to Turkish war od independence

• defining moment in Turkish history

  ↪ established republic of Turkey]

• Major allied failure and Ottoman success

• lots of casualties-100k

women’s role during total war-

• recruited to work in factories

• built weapons

• worked in hospitals

• took o jobs previously performed by men

white feather movement-

• a way to get more volunteers in Great Britain

• women distributed white feathers to men out of uniform

• signaled they were “cowards”

• only britain

Zimmerman Telegram-

• Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” lost land (like Arizona) if allied with Germany

• intercepted by the British

Spanish Flu Spring 1918

• began in the U.s and spread by soldiers going to ww1

• infected 500 million people

• killed 200 million people

  deadliest in modern history mainly because of pneumonia

• infected 1/3 of the world’s population

Gregori Rasputin:

-fueled distrust of the tsar

• influential faith healer; peasant

• thought to have too much influence on Tsar’s family

• blamed for Russia’s problems

  _________________________________

• outraged Russian’s with his behavior

• difficult to kill?

• assassinated in 1916 by group led by Prince Yusupov

Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924)

-leader of the Bolsheviks

• faction of Russian Social Democratic Party

• wanted violent revolution

  ____________________________

• overthrew provisional government

• Lenin’s version of Marxism

  • Marx predicted spontaneous revolution by workers

  • Russia not very industrialized

  • elite group can lead revolution

Early Lenin Policies-

• nationalized lands

• no-fault divorce

• control of factories given to workers

Schlieffen Plan

• military plan by german general

• assumed two-front war with France and Russia

• Goal: to defeat france first then russia

Dulce et Decorum Est

• is a poem by one of the great trench poets

• Horace makes a statement in his poem; “ It is sweet and proper to die for your country.”

• -is a reference to the work by Horace

• writen by british soldier, wilfred owen

western front

• stalemate

• becomes 500 mi.

• first battle of the Marne

• trench warfare

eastern front

• german and russian border

• more mobile but stalemate sometimes

• struggles for russia

• less compressed geograpgy (1k mi.)

• not trench warfare

wartime propaganda

• one-sided information designed to improve morale and support war

russian revolution-

CAUSES-

• revolution 1905- no real change

• worker dissatisfaction

• ww1- disaster for russia

• rasputin- fueled distrust of Tsar

revolution 1905-

• “bloody sunday” soldiers fired on peaceful workers demonstrating in St. Petersburg

• ruined Tsar’s relations with workers

• Tsar agreed to a parliament (Duma), but it had no real power

end of romanovs

• early 1917 food shortages lead to strikes

• Tsar ordered troops to restore order - refused

• Nicholas II was abdicated(renounced thrown)

• family was killed in july

treaty of brest-litovsk-

-ended russia’s involvement in ww1

-humiliating terms:

• russia lost ¼ of territory and 1/3 of its population to Central Powers

the armistice-

Nov.11.1918- Germany agreed to an armstice (ceasefire), effectively ending hostilities in ww1

armenian genocide-

april.24.1915-

• turkish authorities in the ottoman empire began to systematically exterminate their serbian subjects

• armenians were “deported” from their towns

• these “deportations” consisted of death marches into the desert

  ⌦many men, women, and children died of dehydration, starvation, and disease.

Central Powers (during war)

• germany

• austri-hungary

• ottoman empire

Allied Powers (during war)

• russia

• france

• great britain

• 1915-italy

• 1917- us

germany (pre-war)

leaders- Kaiser Wilhelm II + Otto von Bismarck

• nationalism had fueled german unification

• bismarck transformed the nation into an industrial and military power

Foreign Policy-

• establish alliances to prevent russia and france becoming allies

• increase military strength

• increase german affairs in the world

france (pre-war)

• wanted to regain role as a power in europe

• history of conflict with the german states

  ______________________________________

• competition for territory in africa

• territorial disputes over the border

• franco-prussian war

great britain (pre-war)

• had a large empire

• powerful army/navy

• saw german industrialization and militarization as a potential threat

  ⌦lead britain to form close ties with france

russia (pre-war)

• controlled by autocratic czar (king) [Czar Nicholas Romanov II ]

  • repressed people

  • oppressed reforms

• promoted Pan-Slavism

  • nationalist movement to unite slavic people in europe

  • come to the defense of slavic people in the Balkans

ottoman empire (pre-war)

• a once powerful empire that was losing its power

• history of conflicts with russia

• had good relations with germany

austria-hungary (pre-war)

leader- Franz Joseph {had a dual monarchy}

• austrian monarch and a hungarian parliament shared power

  _______________________________________

• controlled many ethnic groups

• nationalism fueled ethnic minorities desire for independence from austria

  • Balkans

  • Czechs

  • poland

balkan powder keg-

• serbian nationalists wanted to unite serbs in the balkans

  • create a slavic state

  • austria-hungary opposed this effort

• austria-hungary annexed bosnia-herzegonia

  • large number of serbs

  • angered serbian nationalists

How the War Started-

june.28.1914 -

• serbian nationalist, gavrilo princip, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of austria-hungary in sarajevo