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What are the functions of blood?
Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes; regulates pH; restricts fluid loss; defends against pathogens; regulates temperature.
What is the percentage of plasma in blood volume?
46-63%.
How is blood classified?
A liquid connective tissue.
What are the components of whole blood?
Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Platelets.
What percentage of blood plasma is made up of water?
Makes up 91.5% of blood plasma.
What is the role of water in blood plasma?
Solvent and suspending medium; absorbs, transports, and releases heat.
What are the types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens.
What is the function of albumins?
Maintain osmotic pressure for fluid exchange across capillary walls.
What is the function of globulins?
Immunoglobulins attack viruses and bacteria; transport iron and lipids.
What is the function of fibrinogens?
Large proteins that help in blood clotting.
What are other solutes in blood plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, and waste products.
What are electrolytes?
Inorganic salts that maintain osmotic pressure and are essential for cell functions.
What are positively charged electrolytes?
Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg).
What are negatively charged electrolytes?
Chloride (Cl), Hydrogen phosphate (HPO), Sulfate (SO), Bicarbonate (HCO).
What are the nutritional components of blood plasma?
Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.
What is the role of nutrients in blood plasma?
Participate in cell functions, growth, and development.
What gases are present in blood plasma?
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Nitrogen.
What is the role of gases in blood plasma?
Oxygen is vital for cellular functions; CO2 regulates blood pH.
What are the regulatory substances in blood plasma?
Enzymes, hormones, and vitamins.
What is the function of enzymes?
Catalyze chemical reactions.
What is the function of hormones?
Regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
What is the function of vitamins?
Act as cofactors for enzymatic reactions.
What are common waste products in blood plasma?
Urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia.
What is the function of waste products in blood?
Byproducts of protein metabolism carried to excretion organs.
What is the process of blood cell production?
Hemopoiesis or Hematopoiesis.
What is the role of pluripotent stem cells?
Develop into different types of blood cells.
What is the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Approximately 120 days.
What is the hemoglobin composition in RBCs?
Consists of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Regulates blood flow and pressure by releasing nitric oxide; enhances oxygen delivery.
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?
Buffers blood pH by converting CO2 and water to carbonic acid.
What are the stages of RBC maturation?
Proerythroblast, Erythroblasts, Reticulocyte, Mature RBC.
What triggers the release of erythropoietin?
Released from kidneys in response to hypoxia.
What are the causes for EPO appearance in blood?
Anemia, low blood flow, high altitude, damaged lungs.
What is nutritional anemia?
Low dietary levels of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
What is pernicious anemia?
Decreased secretion of Intrinsic Factor by stomach cells.
What are the classifications of leukocytes?
Granular or agranular.
What are the types of granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
What are the types of agranular leukocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
What is the lifespan of white blood cells (WBCs)?
Months or years.
What is the main function of WBCs?
Combat invading microbes.
What is the process when WBCs leave the bloodstream?
Emigration or Diapedesis.
What does a high white blood cell count indicate?
Infection or inflammation.
What does a high count of neutrophils indicate?
Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation.
What does a high count of lymphocytes indicate?
Viral infections, some leukemias, mononucleosis.
What does a high count of monocytes indicate?
Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis.
What does a high count of eosinophils indicate?
Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases.
What does a high count of basophils indicate?
Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers.
What does a low count of neutrophils indicate?
Radiation exposure, drug toxicity, Vitamin B12 deficiency.
What does a low count of lymphocytes indicate?
Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression.
What does a low count of monocytes indicate?
Bone marrow suppression, drug effects.
What does a low count of eosinophils indicate?
Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions.
What does a low count of basophils indicate?
Pregnancy, ovulation, stress.
What is the function of platelets?
Clotting the blood.
What effect does thrombopoietin have on hemopoietic stem cells?
Stimulates transformation into platelets.
What is the survival duration of platelets?
5-9 days.
What is the definition of hemostasis?
Process of stopping bleeding.
What are the phases of hemostasis?
Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase.
What is the vascular phase of hemostasis?
Local blood vessel constriction.
What is the platelet phase of hemostasis?
Platelets activate and aggregate at the injury site.
What is the feedback mechanism in the platelet phase?
Uses positive feedback via secretion of substances.
What is the function of plasmin (fibrinolysin)?
Dissolves unwanted clots.
What is the RBC count in females?
About 4.8 million per nL.
What is the RBC count in males?
About 5.4 million per nL.
What are the characteristics of RBCs?
7-8 nm diameter, biconcave, anucleated, live for 120 days.
What is the function of RBCs?
Transport oxygen and CO2 in blood via hemoglobin.
What is the RBC count per nL for leukocytes?
5000-10000.
What is the lifespan of leukocytes?
Hours to days.
What is the major type of granular leukocyte?
Neutrophils (60-70% of all WBCs).
What are the characteristics of neutrophils?
10-12 nm diameter, lobed nucleus, pale lilac granules.
What is the percentage of eosinophils in WBCs?
2-4% of all WBCs.
What is the percentage of basophils in WBCs?
0.5-1% of all WBCs.
What are the characteristics of basophils?
8-10 nm diameter, lobed nucleus, deep blue-purple granules.
What stain is used for granular leukocytes?
Wright's stain.
What is the lifespan of memory T and B cells?
Many years once established.
What is the percentage of lymphocytes in WBCs?
20-25% of all WBCs.
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Mediate immune responses and antigen-antibody reactions.
What is the function of B cells?
Develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
What is the function of T cells?
Attack viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue.
