IB Biology Option C

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101 Terms

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symbiosis

long-term relationship interactions between two species

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parasitism

one species benefits at expense of other (ticks and fleas feed on blood of dog hots)

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Coral Symbiosis

relationship with zooxanthellae, algae lives within the cells of the coral's endodermis, provided algae with a source of inorganic compound and protective environment, algae provides coral with source of nutrition

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food web

shows all the possible food chains in a community

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ecological productivity

refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem

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primary production

production of chemical energy in organic compounds by producers

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feed conversion ratio

measures the conversion of food into a desired output

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What are Gersmehl diagrams?

show differences in nutrient flow and storage between biomes

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Taiga Gersmehl

nutrients stored primarily as litter, cold temperature decreases rate of decay, low rainfall decreases transfer rate

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desert gersmehl

nutrients stored primarily as soil, extreme temperatures decrease decay and uptake, low rainfall causes a decrease in transfer rate

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biological control

involves using a living organism to control the spread of invasive species, must be monitored to ensure they do not become invasive

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biomagnification

process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level

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biotic index

compares the relative frequency of indicator species, providing overall environmental assessment

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low index

indicates a site with few potential niches and where only a few species dominate

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benefits of in situ

allows species to live in habitats and occupy food chains to which they are adapted, maintains normal animal behavior, provides realistic reintegration conditions for animals produced by breeding programs, provides a place for scientific study and development

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disadvantages of in situ

requires active management: maintenance of boundaries to prevent poachers, restoration of degraded habitat areas, facilitating life cycles, recovery of endangered species

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Fitness

Survival and reproductive success

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biotic limiting factors

interaction between organisms

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fundamental niche

The entire set of conditions which an organism can survive and reproduce

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realized niche

The set of conditions used by an organism after including interactions with other species

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mutualism

both species benefit from the interaction (clownfish and anemone)

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commensalism

one species benefits, other is unaffected (barnacles transported to food by whales)

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Coral bleaching

When environmental conditions change causing stress to the algae living in the zooxanthellae. This causes the algae to die which is what gives the coral colors. When the algae dies, the coral starves to death.

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Coral bleaching conditions

light availability changes (e.g. increases in sedimentation)

Increase in Temp (>30C)

Decrease in Ph (CO2 increases causes decreases in Ph= stressed algae)

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keystone species

large impact on an ecosystem relative to its abundance

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Engineers

keystone species that can refashion the environment in a way that promotes the survival of other organisms (e.g. beavers)

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trophic level

position in a feeding sequence

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Gross primary production (GPP)

the amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create in a given length of time

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Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

the net chemical energy produced

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NPP formula

NPP = GPP - respiration by producers

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biomes

geographical areas that have a particular climate and sustain a specific community of plants and animals

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tropical rainforest

hot, humid (wet), near equator, high biodiveristy

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climograph

graphical representation of climate patterns for different biomes

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high primary productivity

large bases on energy pyramids because they can support a greater number of trophic levels

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Litter

any organic matter in and on the soil (humus and leaf litter)

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Tropical Gersmehl

nutrients stored primarily as biomass, warm temperature increases rate of decay and uptake; high rainfall causes increase in transfer rate (runoff, etc.)

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pioneer species

organisms that initially colonize a region

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secondary succession

natural environmental disturbance causes this, starts with pre-existing soil

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steps of secondary succession

1) An environmental disturbance that destroys pre-existing climax communities

2) Grasses and herbaceous plants grow back in soil - NO NEED FOR PIONEER SPECIES

3) Fast-growing trees develop to their fullest while shade-tolerant trees develop under

4) Eventually fast-growing trees are overtaken by larger, slower-growing trees as the ecosystem reverts to its prior state

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cane toads

introduced to Australia to limit the spread of crop-eating beetles, lacks a native predator, reproduces rapidly, depleted prey population for native insectivores, has a toxic chemical from its skin that has poisoned species, diseases have been transmitted to native species

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DDT

chemical which demonstrates biomagnification in high order consumers, fat soluble which means it is retained in the body instead of being excreted

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indicator species

sensitive to specific environmental conditions and therefore have a limited range of tolerance

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high biotic index

indicates an abundance of indicator species (unpolluted)

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biodiversity

describes the variety and variability of all living organisms in a given ecological area

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2 parts of biodiversity

1) Species Richness (number of different species )

2) Relative abundance ( how many individuals in each species)

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richness

describes the number of different species present in an area

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evenness

describes the relative abundance of given species in an area

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simpson's index

determines the relative biodiversity of an ecosystem

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high index

indicates a stable site with many niches and low competition (high biodiversity)

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island size

larger islands and habitats will promote biodiversity (more niches equals less competition); sustain higher population and have longer, more stable food chains

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edge effect

The diversity of species within a given environment undergoes changes depending on the proximity to the ecosystem edge.

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Ex Situ Conservation

the preservation of a species away from its natural habitat

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benefits of ex situ

allows for control of conditions, can improve chances of successful breeding

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sustainable yield

level of resource that can be withdrawn from an ecosystem without reducing the base stock

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top down control

control applied to higher trophic levels, results in oscillating trophic cascade

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bottom up control

control applied to lower trophic levels, results in suppression of higher levels

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soil

composed of a mixture of organic matter, mineral particles and rock

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nitrogen

key element in plant growth, it is needed for proteins, hormones, and chlorophyll; moves quickly through soils as soluble nitrites, nitrates, and ammonium ions

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nitrogen fixation

catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase (nitrogen to ammonia)

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assimilation

nitrates are converted into amino acids, incorporation of nitrogen into the organic content of a cell

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denitrification

nitrates into nitrogen, carried out by denitrifying bacteria (require anaerobic soil, so no oxygen)

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eutrophication

enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem with chemical nutrients

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limiting factors

affects distribution of a species

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ecosystem

describes a community and its abiotic factors

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abiotic limiting factors

environmental conditions

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glycophytes

plant species that are not salt tolerant (are stressed by salt water)

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halophytes

plant species that are salt tolerant (become stressed in fresh water)

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transects

straight line along abiotic gradients from which data is recorded

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kite graphs

used to correlate the distribution of a plant or animal species with an abiotic variable

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ecological niche

describes the role and position of an organisms in an ecosystem, includes spatial habitat, activity patterns and interactions with other species

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competitive exclusion

if two species share an identical niche, a species may die out

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resource partitioning

if two species share an identical niche, species will segregate

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predatation

a biological interaction where one organism hunts and feeds on another organism

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Mutualistic Species

keystone species may support the life cycle of various species in a community

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biomass

the total dry weight of organic matter in organisms or ecosystems

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secondary production

generation of biomass of heterotrophic organisms

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Closed ecosystem

exchanges energy but not matter with the surrounding

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Open ecosystem

exchanges both energy and matter with surroundings

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taiga

cold, low precipitation (ice not rain), coniferous/Boreal forest, moisture trapped as snow

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desert

hot days and cold nights (low rainfall), dry and arid

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energy pyramid

The flow of energy between trophic levels and measured in kJ m^-2 y^-1

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Tropical rainforest diagram

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Taiga diagram

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Desert diagram

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Humus

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

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Ecological succession

The process by which a sequence of increasingly complex communities develop over time

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primary succession

involves communities developing on entirely new land without any established soil

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invasive species

an alien species that has a detrimental effect on pre-existing food chains

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Endemic species

Species that are native to defined geographic regions

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physical control

involves removal or restriction of species by manual or mechanical measures, may include installation of barriers, not usually species specific and impedes native wildlife

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chemical control

involves the use of chemical agents to limit the spread, have moderate specificity but often affect local wildlife

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DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

DDT is a pesticide used to repel mosquito larvae water. However, it is taken up by algae and passed to primary consumers.

Birds produced thinner shells

It stops malaria dengue fever etc, but also causes cancer, birth defects, reduced fertility etc.

Stays in the environment 15+ years

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low biotic index

indicates an absence of indicator species (polluted environment)

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In Situ Conservation

preservation of a species within its natural habitat

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disadvantages of ex situ

species raised in captivity are less likely to be successfully reintroduced into wild, does not prevent destruction of natural habitat, increases inbreeding by restricting the gene pool and reduces evolution of natural selection

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phosphorus

needed by plants to transfer energy from sunlight; also required for DNA and phospholipids; not typically stored in soil, so sustained crop production requires fertilizers

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ammonification

ammonia to ammonium

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nitrification

ammonium is converted to nitrites and then converted to nitrates (Require aerated soil)

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nitrosomonas

convert ammonium into nitrite ions

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nitrobacter

convert nitrites into nitrates, which are absorbed by roots