Bio lab- Plant Anatomy

cotyledons

first embryonic leaves present in seeds

cotyledons

the two major groups of flowering plants’ names are based on

shoot system

stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit

root system

roots make up the

primary growth

activity at terminal bud and tip of root causes a growth in length

meristem tissue

composed of meristem cells that divide and allow plants to grow their entire lives

apical meristem

located at the very tip and bottom of a plant

dermal, ground, and vascular

what are the three specialized tissues of the apical meristems

dermal tissue

outer protective covering

ground tissue

filler and carries out functions

vascular

transport

dermal tissue

covers the entire body of the plant, closely packed cells that act as a barrier, similar to skin

waxy cuticle

dermal tissue cells are covered with ______ to minimize water loss

ground tissue

what forms the bulk of leaves, stems, and roots

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

what are the three types of ground tissue cells

parenchyma

may contain chloroplast, carry on photosynthesis

collenchyma

gives flexible support

sclerenchyma

support for the mature regions of plants

vascular tissue

extends from the root through stem to leaves and vice versa

xylem

transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

vessel elements, tracheids

two types of conducting cells- both hollow, nonliving

vessel elements

what conducting cell is larger, continuous pipeline

tracheids

what conducting cell moves water from one to another

phloem

transports sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to roots

sieve-tube members, companion cells

what two cells are part of the phloem in vascular tissue

sieve-tube members

what cell in the phloem is a continuous tube, no nuclei

companion cell

what cell in the phloem is involved in transport function, has nuclei

stems

function

• contain vascular bundles when xylem and phloem are found

• transport materials between roots and leaves

primary growth

nonwoody stems only experience _________ and occurs in herbaceous plants

primary and secondary growth

woody stems (trees and shrubs) experience _______________

secondary growth

increases the girth of stems, branches, and roots

growth of shoot

vascular tissue supports _______

xylem and phloem

nonwoody stem vascular bundles

vascular cambium

forms a ring of meristem that divides parallel to plant surface (provides new xylem and phloem each year), occurs between bark and wood

bark, wood, pith

woody eudicot stem has three distinct areas

secondary growth

increases the girth of stems, branches, and roots

support and transport water and nutrients

what is the typical function of a stem

storage of water, nutrients, and support structure

what are the modified functions of the stem

rhizomes

rhizomes

horizontal underground stem

cladophyll

cladophyll

photosynthesis with reduced water loss

tubers

tubers

nutrient storage

bulb

bulb

short stem with fleshy leaves

tendril

tendril

what plant is used for support and attachment

thorn

thorn

defense

leaves

usually the chief organs of photosynthesis

deciduous plants

lose their leaves during a particular season (often for water conservation)

blade

wide portion of leaf (simple or compound)

petiole

stalk that attaches blade to stem

apex, margin, veins, midrib, and base

what makes up the blade of a leaf

pinnate

palmate

parallel

entire

undulate

lobed

serrate

leaf

main function is protection, water retention, nutrient collection, enhance pollination, shade, and reproduction

spines

protection

succulents

what plant is used for water retention

insectivorous

nutrient collection

bracts

enhance pollination

xeric

water retention

hydric

survive in water

spines (cactus)

succulents

venus fly trap

reproductive (bryophyllum)

bracts (poinsettia)

shade (elephants ear plant)

root

support plant by anchoring it in soil, absorb water and minerals

root hairs

found in root tip, increase absorptive capacity of root, constantly being replaced

fibrous, taproots, prop roots

root types

xylem, phloem

what makes up the vascular tissue in roots

endodermis

single layer of cells, regulates entrance into vascular tissues

petricycle

first layer of cells inside endodermic, can start development of branches or lateral roots

cortex

parenchyma cells, may function in food storage

epidermis

outer layer, root hairs in zone of maturation

root

what has the typical function of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil

support, gas exchange, reproduction

root modification

fibrous

monocots, anchor

taproot

dicots, storage

prop

what root gives support outside of the plant

buttressed

support

aerial

What type of root is used for support, gas exchange, reproduction

pneumatophores

support, gas exchange

adventitious

the type of root that gives support

prop root

buttressed

pneumatophores

adventitious

taproot

fibrous

secondary growth

bark, annual rings, woody picots/gymnosperms

primary growth

root and shoot apex