value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior
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temperament
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
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psychodynamic
Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.
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behaviorist
this approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior
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humanistic
first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives. focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development
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trait perspective
concerned with the end result- the characteristics themselves. although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined
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preconscious conscious unconscious
divisions of the mind
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preconscious
memories
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conscious
current awareness
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unconscious
thoughts
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id
if it feels good do it
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-present at birth and completely unconscious-pleasure seeking
amoral part of personality
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libido
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior
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pleasure principle
desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences
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ego
develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious rational and logical
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reality principle
satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
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superego
acts as a moral center
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ego ideal
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior -contains the conscience
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fixation
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage
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1. oral stage
dominated by the id. mouth is erogenous zone. weaning is primary conflict chewing. oral fixation.
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2. anal stage
anus erogenous zone. toilet training conflict. expulsive or retentive personality.
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3. phallic stage
erogenous zone is genitals. know differences in sexes. develop normal genital stimulation. sexual feelings. castration (boys) penis envy (girls)
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phallic
Which stage does the Oedipus conflict occur?
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4. latent stage
sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills. develop physically intellectually, socially but not sexually
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5. genital stage
sexual feelings consciously expressed. immature love or indiscriminate hate. uncontrollable working or inability to work.
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Carl Jung
Who created the collective unconscious?
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collective unconscious
memories shared by all members of the human species
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anima
feminine
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animus
masculine
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archetypes
collective, human memories
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Alfred Adler
Who created the defense mechanism called compensation?
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compensation
overcoming feelings of inferiority in one area of life by achieving in another aspect of life
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womb envy
men need to compensate for inability to bear children
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basic anxiety
created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
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neurotic personalities
personalities typifies by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
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Erik Erikson
Who created the psychosocial stages?
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no experiments, free association, wealthy victorian women were primarily clients
Criticisms of psychodynamic perspective
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behaviorists
use principles of conditioning to explain behavior
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social cognitive theorists
emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning
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learned responses
behaviorists believe that personality is nothing more than a set of ________ ______ or habits
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social cognitive learning
importance of influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning
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Albert Bandura
Who created reciprocal determinism?
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reciprocal determinism
how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
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self efficacy
individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
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rotter's social learning theory
people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
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expectancy
a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
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locus of control
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
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humanism
aspects of personality that make people uniquely human. subjective feelings of freedom and choice
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self actualizing tendency
human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become
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self concept
image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life
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real self
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
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ideal self
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be. Usually from important people in our life
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positive regard
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life
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unconditional positive regard
positive regard given without conditions or strings attached
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conditional positive regard
positive regard that is only given when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
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fully functioning person
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. experiencing match between real and ideal self. on the road to self actualization
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trait theories
describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
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trait
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
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Gordon Allport
Who believed that traits are wired into the nervous system to guide one's behaviors
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Raymond Cattell
Who believed that there are two types of traits?
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surface traits
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
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source traits
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
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factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
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The big 5
represent core description of human personality
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openness
willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
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Conscientiousness
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
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behavioral genetics
field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics
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minneosta twin study
identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in intelligence, leadership abilities, following rules, assertiveness, aggressiveness -true even when twins are brought up separately
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adoption studies
genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of shared or non shared environments
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halo effect
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
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projective test
presentation of ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. used also in diagnostics -low reliability, validity
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projection
defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself
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thematic apperception test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorscach Inkblot
10 inkblots are shown, patient is asked to say what they see. scored based on reference to color, shape, figures seen
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direct observation
professional observes the client engaged in ordinary day to day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
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rating scale
numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
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frequency count
frequency of a particular behavior is counted
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personality inventories
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test