personality

personality

unique and stable ways people think

character

value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior

temperament

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

psychodynamic

Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.

behaviorist

this approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior

humanistic

first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives. focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development

trait perspective

concerned with the end result- the characteristics themselves. although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined

preconscious conscious unconscious

divisions of the mind

preconscious

memories

conscious

current awareness

unconscious

thoughts

id

if it feels good do it

-present at birth and completely unconscious-pleasure seeking

amoral part of personality

libido

the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior

pleasure principle

desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences

ego

develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious rational and logical

reality principle

satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

superego

acts as a moral center

ego ideal

part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
-contains the conscience

fixation

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

1. oral stage

dominated by the id. mouth is erogenous zone. weaning is primary conflict chewing. oral fixation.

2. anal stage

anus erogenous zone. toilet training conflict. expulsive or retentive personality.

3. phallic stage

erogenous zone is genitals. know differences in sexes. develop normal genital stimulation. sexual feelings. castration (boys) penis envy (girls)

phallic

Which stage does the Oedipus conflict occur?

4. latent stage

sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills. develop physically intellectually, socially but not sexually

5. genital stage

sexual feelings consciously expressed. immature love or indiscriminate hate. uncontrollable working or inability to work.

Carl Jung

Who created the collective unconscious?

collective unconscious

memories shared by all members of the human species

anima

feminine

animus

masculine

archetypes

collective, human memories

Alfred Adler

Who created the defense mechanism called compensation?

compensation

overcoming feelings of inferiority in one area of life by achieving in another aspect of life

womb envy

men need to compensate for inability to bear children

basic anxiety

created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

neurotic personalities

personalities typifies by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

Erik Erikson

Who created the psychosocial stages?

no experiments, free association, wealthy victorian women were primarily clients

Criticisms of psychodynamic perspective

behaviorists

use principles of conditioning to explain behavior

social cognitive theorists

emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning

learned responses

behaviorists believe that personality is nothing more than a set of ________ ______ or habits

social cognitive learning

importance of influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning

Albert Bandura

Who created reciprocal determinism?

reciprocal determinism

how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

self efficacy

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

rotter's social learning theory

people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

expectancy

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

locus of control

tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

humanism

aspects of personality that make people uniquely human. subjective feelings of freedom and choice

self actualizing tendency

human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become

self concept

image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

real self

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

ideal self

one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be. Usually from important people in our life

positive regard

warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life

unconditional positive regard

positive regard given without conditions or strings attached

conditional positive regard

positive regard that is only given when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

fully functioning person

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. experiencing match between real and ideal self. on the road to self actualization

trait theories

describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

trait

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

Gordon Allport

Who believed that traits are wired into the nervous system to guide one's behaviors

Raymond Cattell

Who believed that there are two types of traits?

surface traits

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

source traits

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

The big 5

represent core description of human personality

openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Conscientiousness

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

extraversion

one's need to be with other people

Agreeableness

easygoing, friendly, likeable, grumpy, crabby, unpleasant

Neuroticism

emotional stability or instability

trait-situation interaction

assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

behavioral genetics

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

minneosta twin study

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in intelligence, leadership abilities, following rules, assertiveness, aggressiveness
-true even when twins are brought up separately

adoption studies

genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of shared or non shared environments

halo effect

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

projective test

presentation of ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. used also in diagnostics
-low reliability, validity

projection

defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself

thematic apperception test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorscach Inkblot

10 inkblots are shown, patient is asked to say what they see. scored based on reference to color, shape, figures seen

direct observation

professional observes the client engaged in ordinary day to day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

rating scale

numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

frequency count

frequency of a particular behavior is counted

personality inventories

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test