personality
unique and stable ways people think
character
value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior
temperament
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
psychodynamic
Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.
behaviorist
this approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior
humanistic
first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives. focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development
trait perspective
concerned with the end result- the characteristics themselves. although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined
preconscious conscious unconscious
divisions of the mind
preconscious
memories
conscious
current awareness
unconscious
thoughts
id
if it feels good do it
-present at birth and completely unconscious-pleasure seeking
amoral part of personality
libido
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior
pleasure principle
desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences
ego
develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious rational and logical
reality principle
satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
superego
acts as a moral center
ego ideal
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior -contains the conscience
fixation
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage
oral stage
dominated by the id. mouth is erogenous zone. weaning is primary conflict chewing. oral fixation.
anal stage
anus erogenous zone. toilet training conflict. expulsive or retentive personality.
phallic stage
erogenous zone is genitals. know differences in sexes. develop normal genital stimulation. sexual feelings. castration (boys) penis envy (girls)
phallic
Which stage does the Oedipus conflict occur?
latent stage
sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills. develop physically intellectually, socially but not sexually
genital stage
sexual feelings consciously expressed. immature love or indiscriminate hate. uncontrollable working or inability to work.
Carl Jung
Who created the collective unconscious?
collective unconscious
memories shared by all members of the human species
anima
feminine
animus
masculine
archetypes
collective, human memories
Alfred Adler
Who created the defense mechanism called compensation?
compensation
overcoming feelings of inferiority in one area of life by achieving in another aspect of life
womb envy
men need to compensate for inability to bear children
basic anxiety
created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
neurotic personalities
personalities typifies by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
Erik Erikson
Who created the psychosocial stages?
no experiments, free association, wealthy victorian women were primarily clients
Criticisms of psychodynamic perspective
behaviorists
use principles of conditioning to explain behavior
social cognitive theorists
emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning
learned responses
behaviorists believe that personality is nothing more than a set of ________ ______ or habits
social cognitive learning
importance of influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning
Albert Bandura
Who created reciprocal determinism?
reciprocal determinism
how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
self efficacy
individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
rotter's social learning theory
people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
expectancy
a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
locus of control
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
humanism
aspects of personality that make people uniquely human. subjective feelings of freedom and choice
self actualizing tendency
human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become
self concept
image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life
real self
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
ideal self
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be. Usually from important people in our life
positive regard
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life
unconditional positive regard
positive regard given without conditions or strings attached
conditional positive regard
positive regard that is only given when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
fully functioning person
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. experiencing match between real and ideal self. on the road to self actualization
trait theories
describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
trait
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Gordon Allport
Who believed that traits are wired into the nervous system to guide one's behaviors
Raymond Cattell
Who believed that there are two types of traits?
surface traits
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
source traits
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
The big 5
represent core description of human personality
openness
willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Conscientiousness
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
extraversion
one's need to be with other people
Agreeableness
easygoing, friendly, likeable, grumpy, crabby, unpleasant
Neuroticism
emotional stability or instability
trait-situation interaction
assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
behavioral genetics
field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics
minneosta twin study
identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in intelligence, leadership abilities, following rules, assertiveness, aggressiveness -true even when twins are brought up separately
adoption studies
genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of shared or non shared environments
halo effect
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
projective test
presentation of ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. used also in diagnostics -low reliability, validity
projection
defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself
thematic apperception test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorscach Inkblot
10 inkblots are shown, patient is asked to say what they see. scored based on reference to color, shape, figures seen
direct observation
professional observes the client engaged in ordinary day to day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
rating scale
numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
frequency count
frequency of a particular behavior is counted
personality inventories
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test