Diseases and Disorders Lecture Notes

Flashcards about diseases and disorders from a GRD133 Foundation of Health lecture.

What is pathology?

The study of suffering.

What are some of the causes of Diseases and Disorders?

Cell injury or death, inflammation, developmental and genetic diseases, a change in hemodynamic (blood flow), autoimmune (body’s immune system attacks the body).

What are the two types of Neoplasms?

Malignant (tumor grow out of control) and Benign (tumor stays localized)

What are teratogens?

Viruses, chemicals, and drugs can cause abnormal development in the embryo.

What is a spontaneous abortion?

Miscarriage occurs early in pregnancy.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Extra uterine pregnancy, the fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside the uterus, e.g. tubal pregnancy.

What are the symptoms of preeclampsia?

High BP, Edema, proteinuria.

What is Neonatal jaundice?

Yellowish color of the skin caused by an accumulation of bilirubin.

What is luxation?

Total displacement of bone

What is subluxation?

Partial displacement of bone.

What is osteoarthritis?

Wear-and- tear arthritis; associated with age, degenerative.

What is Gouty arthritis?

Caused by excess uric acid in the body.

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

Autoimmune disease, more severe than osteoarthritis.

What is Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?

Idiopathic, affect children.

What is Spina bifida?

A defect in the spinal column in which the spinal cord is outside the vertebrae.

What is Kyphosis?

Humpback, or rounding at the thoracic vertebrae.

What is Lordosis?

Swayback, or an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar vertebrae.

What is Scoliosis?

Side to side curvature of the spine

What is Osteoporosis?

A softening of the bones due to a lack of calcium.

What is Osteomyelitis?

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bones; caused by bacteria in the bone tissue.

What are Rickets?

Occurs in children; softening and weakening of the bones caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

What are closed fractures?

Simple fractures, no open wound on the skin.

What are Open fractures?

Compound fracture, is a break with an open wound

What is Paralysis?

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements.

What is Hemiplegia?

Total paralysis of one side of the body, usually associated with stroke or brain damage.

What is Paraplegia?

Paralysis due to spinal cord, paralysis of both legs.

What do Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do?

Control pain, reduce swelling and inflammation.

What is Atherosclerosis?

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a build up of cholesterol and fat on the walls of the arteries.

What is Hypertension?

High blood pressure.

When does Hemorrahagic stroke occur?

Occurs when a blood vessel bursts in the brain.

When does Ischemic stroke occur?

Can occur when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood in a vessel.

What is Low density lipoprotein (LDL)?

Bad cholesterol as excess qualities lead to plaque build up in the arteries.

What is High density lipoprotein (HDL)?

Good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver, does not contribute to plaque build up.

What is Leukemia?

Malignancy characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes usually treated with bone marrow transplants.

What are Remissions?

During which the disease disappears

What are Relapses?

Are recurrences of the disease.

How is Nitroglycerin used?

Under the tongue, patch, spray used to relieve the pain of angina.

What do Anticoagulants do?

Slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.

What do Thrombolytics do?

Lead to dissolving of thrombus.

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

The upward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

What are Peptic ulcers?

Open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine.

Where do Gastric ulcers occur?

Occur on the inside of the stomach.

Where do Duodenal ulcers occur?

Occur on the inside of the upper portion of your small intestine (duodenum)

What is Anorexia nervosa?

Is an eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction and irrational fear of gaining weight, as well as a distorted body self-perception.

What is Bulimia nervosa?

Characterized by binge eating and purging or consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time.

What is Malnutrition?

Is a lack of proper food or nutrients either due to shortage of food or the improper absorption of nutrients.

What is Malabsorption?

Is a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food.

What is Obesity?

An excessive accumulation of fat in the body.

What is Morbid obesity?

Obesity that cause disease

What is the BMI of people with morbid obesity?

BMI more than 39

What is Liver Cirrhosis?

Is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules; caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

What are Ascites?

Fluid retention in the abdominal cavity.

What is Cholecystitis?

An acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by hardened masses known as gallstones (Lithiasis), in the ducts of the gallbladder.

What do Acid blockers do?

Block acid secretion.

What do Antacids do?

Relieves indigestion by neutralizing stomach acids

What do Anti-emetics do?

Relieve nausea and vomiting.

What do Laxatives do?

Stimulate bowel movements.

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Is a progressive degeneration of neurons in the brain; loss of memory, inability to properly use familiar objects, inability to receive and understand outside stimuli.

What is Encephalitis?

Is an inflammation of the brain that result from viral Infection, or spread of an infection to the brain.

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A chronic degenerative disorder in which there is gradual progressive loss of control over movement resulting from inadequate levels of the chemical dopamine that helps nerve cells communicate.

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

An autoimmune disease, in which the body’s Immune system attacks and destroys myelin, the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.

What is Epilepsy?

Is a chronic recurrent seizure activity caused by abnormal conditions in the brain that trigger sudden, excessive electrical activity.

What is Cerebral palsy?

Is caused by cerebral damage during gestation or birth and result in lack of motor coordination.

What is Asthma?

Common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm.

What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can occur anywhere in the urinary tract, most commonly in the bladder or urethra.

What is Cystitis?

Is an inflammation of the bladder.

Where can Urinary stones be located?

In the kidney (nephrolithiasis); Ureter (ureterolithiasis); Bladder (cystolithiasis).

What is Kidney Failure?

Inability of one or both kidneys to perform its functions; occurs when nephrons are destroyed.

What is Uremia?

Build up of excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the blood stream.

What is Anuria?

The absence of urine formation in the kidneys.

What is Acute Renal Failure?

Reversible if treated promptly, caused by drop in blood volume.

What is Chronic Renal Failure?

Progressive loss of renal function, caused by hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus.