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what is the study system
herbivorous sea urchins in shallow temperate rocky reef habitats. the sea urchins eat macroalgae and are eaten by omnivorous fish and benthic predators
broad ecological question
how do the consumptive and non-consumptive effects triggered by a predator vary with prey characteristics?
narrow research question
how does the impact of susceptibility to predation, prey behavioral responses, and grazing on algal cover vary with sea urchin size?
consumptive effects
predators reduce sea urchin population size by killing them
non-consumptive effects
the presence of(or evidence of) predators changes urchin behaviors (e.g., changes in habitat usage, changes in time spent grazing)
what methods where used
field experiment and lab experiment