Chapter 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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52 Terms

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**neurotransmitter**
When this signal reaches the end bulbs, it causes the release of a signaling molecule called a
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**nonspecific channel**
Some ion channels are selective for charge but not necessarily for size, and thus are called a
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**voltage-gated channel**
is a channel that responds to changes in the electrical properties of the membrane in which it is embedded.
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**leakage channel**
is randomly gated, meaning that it opens and closes at random, hence the reference to leaking.
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**Repolarization**
meaning that the membrane voltage moves back toward the -70 mV value of the resting membrane potential.
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**postsynaptic potential (PSP)**
is the graded potential in the dendrites of a neuron that is receiving synapses from other cells.
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**Spatial summation**
is related to associating the activity of multiple inputs to a neuron with each other.
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**chemical synapse**
a chemical signal—namely, a neurotransmitter—is released from one cell and it affects the other cell.
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**electrical synapse**
there is a direct connection between the two cells so that ions can pass directly from one cell to the next.
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**biogenic amine**
a group of neurotransmitters that are enzymatically made from amino acids.
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**neuropeptide**
is a neurotransmitter molecule made up of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
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**metabotropic receptor**
involves a complex of proteins that result in metabolic changes within the cell.
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**effector protein**
is an enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecule, which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal.
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**Temporal summation**
is the relationship of multiple action potentials from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential.
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**mechanically gated channel**
opens because of a physical distortion of the cell membrane.
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**ligand-gated channel**
opens because a signaling molecule, a ligand, binds to the extracellular region of the channel.
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**electrochemical exclusion**
meaning that the channel pore is charge-specific.
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**precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex**
which has an axon that extends all the way down the spinal cord.
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**thermoreceptor**
Found in the skin of your fingers or toes is a type of sensory receptor that is sensitive to temperature, called a
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**action potential**
resulting electrical signal is called an
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**propagation**
The action potential travels—a process known as
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**threshold**
The voltage at which such a signal is generated is called the
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 **graded potential**
The amount of change is dependent on the strength of the stimulus (how hot the water is).
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**Schwann cell**
which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery.
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**satellite cell**
One of the two types of glial cells found in the PNS is the
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**choroid plexus**
is a specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorbcomponents of the blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid.
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**white matter**
(the regions with many axons).
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**ganglion**
In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to as a
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**tract**
A bundle of axons, or fibers, found in the CNS is called a
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**initial segment**
Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the
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**Microglia**
as the name implies, smaller than most of the other glial cells.
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**oligodendrocyte**
sometimes called just “oligo,” which is the glial cell type that insulates axons in the CNS.
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**pia mater**
Those processes extend to interact with neurons, blood vessels, or the connective tissue covering the CNS that is called the
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**Multipolar**
neurons are all of the neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar.
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**Bipolar**
cells have two processes, which extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other.
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**Unipolar**
cells have only one process emerging from the cell.
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**axon segment**
The length of the axon between each gap, which is wrapped in myelin, is referred to as an
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**axoplasm**
Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called
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**axon hillock**
Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the
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**synapses**
The other processes of the neuron are dendrites, which receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called
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**enteric nervous system** (ENS)
is responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system.
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**autonomic nervous system (ANS)**
is responsible for involuntary control of the body, usually for the sake of homeostasis (regulation of the internal environment).
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**somatic nervous system (SNS**)
is responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses.
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**stimulus**
The sensory functions of the nervous system register the presence of a change from homeostasis or a particular event in the environment, known as a
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**nucleus**
A localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is referred to as a
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**myelin**
But white matter is white because axons are insulated by a lipid-rich substance called
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**Dendrites**
are responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons.
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**central nervous system (CNS)**
is the brain and spinal cord
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**peripheral nervous system (PNS)**
is everything else.
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**glial cell**
is one of a variety of cells that provide a framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities.
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**axon**
There is one important process that every neuron has called an
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**ependymal cell**
is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS.

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