Studied by 14 people
Everything I know I need to know.
Participatory Democracy
Broad participation in politics/society by people at various statuses
Pluralist Democracy
Group-based activism by citizens with common interests who seek the same goals
Elite Democracy
Power to thee educated and wealthy; discourages participation by the majority of people
Virginia Plan
Bicameral legislature based on population
New Jersey Plan
Unicameral legislature with equal votes for every state
Federalist 10
Dangers of factions, need a large republic to handle said factions
Federalist 51
Need separation of powers
Federalist 70
Need a single, energetic executive
Federalist 78
No reason to worry about judicial branch because they are weak losers
Article 1
Congress
Article 2
President
Article 3
Judicial
Article 4
States
Article 5
Amendment
Article 6
Supremacy
Article 7
Ratification
Commerce Clause
Congress can regulate trade between nations, between states, and among Native American tribes
Due Process Clause
The government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life, liberty, or property
Necessary and Proper Clause
Congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the Constitution if those powers are “necessary and proper” for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated
Equal Protections Clause
States cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals. They must treat people equally
Establishment Clause
Congress cannot establish an “official” religion. This, in effect, provides for separation of church and state
Ex Post Facto Clause
Congress cannot pass a law that punishes a person retroactively
Extradition Clause
An accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which they allegedly committed the crime
Free Exercise Clause
Congress cannot pass laws that ban freedom of worship
Full Faith and Credit Clause
A state must recognize the validity of the public acts, records, and court decisions of other states
Privileges & Immunities Clause
A state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other states
Supremacy Clause
Federal law is supreme over state law
1st Amendment
SPARP - Speech, press, assembly, religion, petition
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
No need to quarter soldiers
4th Amendment
No unreasonable search and seizure
5th Amendment
Grand jury, double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, eminent domain
6th Amendment
Speedy and fair trial w/ witnesses and counsel
7th Amendment
Trial by jury over cases over $20
8th Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
9th Amendment
Rights not listed belong to the people
10th Amendment
Powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states
12th Amendment
Separate ballots for President and Vice President
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
14th Amendment
Equal protections for all citizens & anyone born in the states is a citizen
15th Amendment
Black men can vote
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
19th Amendment
Women can vote!!!!! :)
20th Amendment
Lame duck, moves inauguration date to January 20th
22nd Amendment
President can only serve 2 terms
23rd Amendment
D. C. Residents can vote for president
24th Amendment
No poll taxes
25th Amendment
Sets up the order of presidential succession
26th Amendment
18 year olds can vote
Marbury v. Madison
Gives power of judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland
Elastic clause, supremacy clause, and 10th amendment - allowed for a federal bank that states could not tax
US v. Lopez
Commerce Clause & Elastic Clause - said that Congress couldn’t use the Commerce Clause to ban the sale of firearms
Engel v. Vitale
Establishment Clause & 1st Amendment - no prayer can be enforced by the government
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Due process Clause, freedom of religion, Free Exercise Clause - Individuals’ religions outweigh state’s rights
Tinker v. Des Moine
Right to Free Speech & symbolic speech - Cemented students' rights to free speech in public schools
NYT v. US
Freedom of press - No prior restraint
Schenck v. US
Freedom of speech - No speech that creates a clear a present danger will be protected
Gideon v. Wainwright
6th Amendment, Due Process Clause - Everyone gets the right to a lawyer
McDonald v. Chicago
Due Process Clause & Second Amendment - Selective incorporation
Brown v. Board
Equal protections clause - no separate but equal
Citizens United v. FEC
Freedom of speech - giving money to campaigns is speech
Baker v. Carr
Equal protections clause - one person, one vote
Shaw v. Reno
Equal protections clause - no racial gerrymandering
Categorical Grants
Federal government giving money to states for specific purposes
Block Grants
Broad federal grants
Civil Liberties
Guaranteed freedoms and protections for individuals from government actions
Civil Rights
Guaranteed protections from inequality for discriminated against groups
Selective Incorporation
Ensures that the Bill of Rights still applies at the state level
Rule of Law
No one is above the law
Opinion Polls
A poll on the public opinion of something
Tracking Polls
Polls that are repeated periodically to track responses
Exit Polls
Polls that ask people how they voted when they are leaving the voting place
Keynesian Economics
Democratic spending plan
Supply-Side Economics
Republican spending plan
Hard Money
Limited amounts, only given from PACs or individuals, given directly to candidates, and requires donor disclosure
Soft Money
Unlimited amounts, comes from individuals, corporations, or committees, given to parties (sometimes to support candidates), requires donor disclosure
Dark Money
Unlimited amounts of money, comes from unknown donors, given to 501c4s, no donor disclosure requirement
PACs
Regulated by FEC & IRS, limited funds from donors, aims to get a specific candidate elected
Super PACs
Regulated by IRS, unlimited money from anyone, no donor disclosure requirement, no $ given directly to parties or candidates
Redistricting
Redrawing congressional district boundaries based on a census
Reapportionment
Dividing seats for the House among the 50 states
Signing statement
Signing a bill with a written statement that the executive will not carry out a portion of the bill
Free Enterprise
The idea that businesses should operate in competition relatively free from government control
Revenue Sharing
When the national government distributes tax revenue to the states fro them to spend as they see fit
Caucus
A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention
Independent Expenditure
Money spent on ads not sponsored by a candidate or party
Cloture
A vote by 60 senators to end unlimited debate
Fillibuster
An informal procedure used in the Senate that allows a Senator to talk a bill to death
Unanimous Consent
An agreement usually among Congressional leaders, setting the terms for considering a bill
Hold in Senate
A procedure to stop a bill from reaching the floor
Discharge Petition
A procedure for getting a bill out of committee and onto the floor for a vote
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy refers to the tax and spending policies of the federal government
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy seeks to spark economic activity
Amicus Curiae “Friend of the Court” Brief
Gives courts information/facts for a case they are ruling on to try and sway how they vote
Stare Decisis
Let the decision stand
Writ of Certioari
A request for the supreme court to hear a case
Writ of Habeas Corpous
A court order that requires a prisoner to be brought before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful
Devolution
Transferring responsibilities of governing from the federal government to the state and local governments
Note 
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