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Manifest Destiny
The belief that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory across North America, spreading democracy and freedom.
Oregon Territory
Land in the Pacific Northwest, jointly occupied by Britain and the United States until 1846 when the U.S. gained control through negotiation.
Stephen Austin
Known as the 'Father of Texas,' he led American settlers to colonize Texas when it was still part of Mexico.
Santa Anna
A Mexican general and dictator who led Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution and later during the Mexican-American War.
Sam Houston
Leader of Texan forces in the Texas Revolution; he defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and helped Texas gain independence from Mexico.
Alamo
A mission in San Antonio, Texas, where Texan defenders were defeated by Santa Anna's Mexican forces in 1836. It became a rallying point in the fight for Texan independence.
John Tyler
The 10th president of the United States, who supported the annexation of Texas and set the stage for westward expansion.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
A treaty between the U.S. and Britain in 1842 that resolved border disputes in the northern U.S., particularly around Maine and Canada.
James K. Polk
The 11th president of the U.S., known for his strong support of Manifest Destiny. He led the nation during the Mexican-American War and oversaw territorial expansion.
Fifty-Four Forty or Fight
A slogan referring to the latitude line the U.S. wanted as the northern border of the Oregon Territory in the dispute with Britain. The boundary was eventually set at the 49th parallel.
Matthew Perry
A U.S. Navy Commodore who opened Japan to American trade with the Kanagawa Treaty in 1854, ending Japan's isolation.
Kanagawa Treaty
A treaty between the U.S. and Japan in 1854 that opened Japanese ports to American trade and established diplomatic relations.
Nueces vs. Rio Grande River Debate
A border dispute between the U.S. and Mexico; the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande as Texas's southern border, while Mexico argued it was the Nueces River. This dispute partly led to the Mexican-American War.
Zachary Taylor
A general in the Mexican-American War who led U.S. troops to several victories; later became the 12th president of the U.S.
John C. Fremont
An American explorer and military leader who helped lead the Bear Flag Revolt, which declared California an independent republic.
Bear Flag Republic
A short-lived independent republic in California established in 1846 by American settlers during the Mexican-American War before becoming U.S. territory.
Winfield Scott
A general in the Mexican-American War, who led the successful U.S. invasion of Mexico, culminating in the capture of Mexico City.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico ceded large territories to the U.S., including modern-day California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Mexican Cession
The land ceded by Mexico to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which included much of the present-day southwestern U.S.
Wilmot Proviso
A proposed amendment to ban slavery in any territory gained from Mexico; though it was never passed, it heightened tensions over slavery.
Spot Resolutions
A series of resolutions introduced by Abraham Lincoln questioning President Polk's claim that American blood was shed on American soil, which Polk used to justify the Mexican-American War.