PSY 340 exam 3 OSU

resemblance

Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________.

triangles

For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate?

Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.

What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time?

subordinate; basic; superordinate

Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific?

Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.

How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all?

a table

Which of the following would likely represent a basic category?

fish; salmon

In a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___.

distinguishing words from nonwords

If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you'd probably be ___.

It is at a higher level than a prototype.

Many people think that Michelangelo's sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology?

back propagation

Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, "That's a robin," to which the child's mother responds, "No, that's a canary...Robins have red breasts." In this example, the mother's information specifically functions like ___.

knowledge

Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch's research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts.

typicality

The children's program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, "One of these things is not like the others." Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children's educational game?

the embodied approach

When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___.

time

What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith?

TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain.

Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual?

specific; global

In Rosch's approach, subordinate is to _____ as superordinate is to ________.

cognitive economy

Without actively thinking about it, Janelle just knows that every type of cat has whiskers—instead of thinking that lions and leopards and tabby cats each have whiskers. Janelle's experience can best be described as ________.

Concepts are primed.

What is the effect of spreading activation?

typicality

The Collin and Quillian semantic networks model has been criticized because it does not account for ________.

neurons; axons

In a connectionist network model, units are to ________ as connections are to ________.

network activity

In a parallel distributed processing model, connection weights are related to which of the following?

"tuna" and "shark"

Which of the following pairs would have similar activation patterns when presented in an experiment that simulates error signals and changing connection weights?

graceful degradation

Which of the following concepts offers the medical community insights into rehabilitative services for people with brain damage?

use

Which of the following would most people use to distinguish a hammer and a saw?

apple

Latrell is participating in a replication of Hoffman and Ralph's research on the multiple-factor approach. Which of the following stimulus words would Latrell likely rate highest for color?

interact with

Sandeep is conducting research on the embodied approach to conceptual representation. His primary focus is on how subjects ________ a stimulus.

thinking

What is the relationship between the embodied approach and mirror neurons?

sensing and performing

Wallington and Shallice would say that our neural approach for representing concepts is based on ________.

the anterior temporal lobe

What is considered the central component of the hub and spoke model?

neither a car nor a cat

Marjorie has been diagnosed with semantic dementia. Which of the following can she recognize

mental imagery

Even though you're away at college, you can instantly imagine the taste of the pies and cakes that your mother makes. This example illustrates ___.

You will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass."

Suppose you're doing a study with paired-associate learning, and, at some point, you hear the terms "sky-grass." What would likely happen next?

44 seconds

Suppose you do two different free recall tasks that each take you 22 seconds to complete. What is your total mental chronometry in this example?

perception; language

With respect to the imagery debate, an appropriate analogy would be: spatial mechanism is to propositional mechanism as ___ is to ___.

an epiphenomenon

Suppose lights flash as a mainframe computer does its calculations. In doing so, this is an example of ___.

a picture of a rabbit in a cage.

All of the following would be examples of a propositional representation EXCEPT

more; easier

When you move closer to an object, the object fills ___ of your visual field and details are ___ to see.

imagine yourself walking toward a given stimuli.

If you were asked to do a mental walk task, then you would probably

things

Paivio kicked off the cognitive revolution in imagery when he demonstrated that it is easiest for people to remember ________.

Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass?

For which of the following questions would the response be MOST likely to generate greater response in the visual cortex?

back; spread forward

Looking at a small object causes activity in the ___ of the visual cortex; larger objects cause activity to ___.

It lacks a visual stimulus.

Which of the following best describes the concept of visual imagery?

not be able to visually recognize objects.

If you had visual agnosia, then you would

the pegword technique

If you would rhyme certain images with concrete words as a means to improve memory, then you're probably making use of ___.

the ferris wheel

If someone could get a mobile fMRI while at a carnival, which of the following would activate the farthest forward region in their visual cortex?

ice

Which of the following words offers the best conceptual peg?

time

What is the key concept assessed during mental chronometry?

an internal image

What is the basis for a mental scanning task?

a fingerprint

Conceptually, which of the following is most like a topographic map?

distraction

What served as the basis for Lea's argument against Kosslyn's original mental scanning experiments with objects?

visual field

Which of the following is a key factor in the mental walk task?

considerable

Research with multivoxel pattern analysis has demonstrated ________ overlap between imagery and perception in the brain.

size of the field of view

The volume of a person's visual cortex has a direct impact on the ________.

parietal lobe

Following a car accident, Bonnie was unable to notice objects in her left field of view. What part of Bonnie's brain was likely damaged in the accident?

an image of her family room

Now that she has three kids, Anjali has too many things to keep track of. She heard that using a method of loci can be helpful and has decided to give it a try. What is the first thing Anjali needs for this tactic to be effective?

paired-associate learning

The pegword technique is similar to which of the following?

propositional representation

In Kozhevnikov's research on imagery, the subjects she classified as "verbalizers" likely focused on which of the following?

You win some, you lose some.

Which of the following statements generally reflects people's individual capacities in visual imagery?

mental rotation task

Which of the following tasks requires the most cognitive effort?

the odd cabinet setup in the kitchen of the house where he stayed

As Marc thinks about his summer vacation, which of the following is an example of his use of spatial imagery?

rules and structure

At its foundation, language enables people to communicate because it is based on ________.

meaning

Which of the following is NOT a key concern of psycholinguists regarding language?

call

Which of the following words has the lowest frequency?

utilize the lexical decision task

A fairly common way to test for the word frequency effect is to ___.

lexical ambiguity

The phrases "First National Bank" and "river bank" illustrate ___.

balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely.

The word "cast"—when used to refer to a member of a play or a plaster cast—suggests

lexicon

Which of the following can be considered the most "personal" concept?

meaning; rule

Semantics is to syntax as _____ is to _____.

Content of a scene can affect sentence processing.

What conclusion can we draw from instances where different scenes cause different processing of the same sentence?

"She" refers to Gloria the poodle.

Consider the sentence "Gloria, the glorious poodle, won the dog show. She has won this award for the second time." A correct anaphoric reference from this sentence would be ___.

The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.

Suppose we read that "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk." Which of the following would NOT indicate instrument inference from this sentence?

Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.

What is a conclusion of creating situation models?

Ed got a watch

In the sentence "Ed was given a watch for his birthday," what is the new information?

common ground

"Yeah" is a good example of ___ in conversations.

speech segmentation

While traveling in Mexico, Ken overheard a shopkeeper say, "Encuentra la camisa verde y dársela a ese chico." Although the woman's speech sounded like a fast jumble of sounds, his one year of high school Spanish enabled him to pick out the words "verde" and "chico"—for "green" and "boy." Which term best describes Ken's experience at the shop?

meaning

What is the foundation of lexical priming?

season: one of four periods in a calendar year

Which of the following words and definitions are an example of dominant bias in meaning?

pronunciation

Which of the following is NOT key to understanding the meaning of an ambiguous word?

parsing—grouping

Which of the following terms is correctly paired with its core concept?

comma

Which of the following is a parsing tool in written language?

late closure

Cassie thought that Rhonda, the new girl at school, was long-winded and spoke in never-ending, circular sentences. Cassie had to pay close attention to each word Rhonda said and decide where a logical phrase ended based on the next word that was spoken. Cassie is engaging in a very deliberate act of ________.

temporary ambiguity

Which of the following is exemplified by garden path sentences?

syntactical priming

Henry's first date with Malcolm was not going well. Malcolm had a habit of interrupting him by saying "Yeah, yeah, yeah" whenever he understood or agreed with something Henry said. It was very annoying. Yet after an hour, as their conversation became more animated, Henry found himself saying "Yeah, yeah, yeah" whenever he grasped what Malcolm was saying. Which term best describes what is occurring in this conversation?

coherence

For thousands of years, telling stories has been an important method of sharing news and information across generations. To ensure that stories are accurately shared, a good storyteller needs to provide ________.

entrainment

Sandra worked hard to improve her diction and accent so she could be a successful stage actress in theaters around the world. But whenever she went home to visit her family, after a couple days she could hear her old New Jersey accent loud and clear. What is Sandra experiencing on these visits to her hometown?

common ground

No offense to his old high school buddies, but after a visit back to his hometown, Reggie is always happy to get back to grad school where he can talk to people using words that have more than two syllables. Which term best reflects Reggie's experience?

a film

A situation model is similar to which of the following?

theory of mind

After Ahmad finished complaining about the stress of having a new baby in the house, Peter responded, "I have three kids, my friend. I know where you're coming from." What is Peter exhibiting in this conversation?

amusia

A person who inherited difficulty in perceiving music would be diagnosed with congenital ________.

prosody

Whenever Vera is with Parker she ends up feeling depressed. When Parker talks, every sentence starts out sounding normal but then seems to get low and soft at the end. The ________ of Parker's speech is bringing Vera down.

fixation

Peter is stuck trying to understand some extraneous information with regards to a math problem, and, as such, he finds it difficult to proceed. Peters appears to be showing ___.

functional fixedness

Soraya is walking her dog when her dog's leash suddenly breaks. Soraya realizes that she needs a new leash right then and there but, at first, she doesn't know how to proceed. Unfortunately, she fails to consider that she could fashion a temporary leash by using the shoelaces from her boots. This example specifically illustrates ___.

situation; preconceptions

The water jug problem is to the candle problem as _____ is to _____.

the Tower of Hanoi problem

Which of the following specifically illustrates how one works to reach a successful goal state?

operators

Carlos is trying to solve a puzzle. In doing so, he knows that a stipulated rule is that red pieces cannot touch blue pieces. This example specifically highlights the function of ___.

Duncker's radiation problem

Which of the following BEST illustrates the use of problem solving with analogies?

obstacle

From a formal-definition perspective, a problem is considered to be a(n) ________.

think-aloud protocol

While doing a jigsaw puzzle containing 1,000 small pieces, Rashid suddenly said, "Oh, this piece isn't someone's hair. It's part of the thatched roof!" Which term best reflects Rashid's experience?

you've devoted considerable time to a given field

If you are an expert, then we necessarily assume that ___.

not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking

A possible drawback to expertise is ___.