Patient Care Theory Exam 3

What is the outermost layer/fibrous membrane that rests against the interior part of the skull?

dura matter

what is the middle of the skull with a spider web appearance that does the reabsorption of CSF?

arachnoid

what is the innnermost layer of the skull that is thin and lies in direct contact with the brain?

Pia

what is the filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal chord tissue & keeps out neurotoxic substances?

blood brain barrier

What does the CSF do?

cushions, transports nutrients and waste products

What is a CT scan used to access?

bleeding, edema, tumors

How long does a CT scan last?

5 min

How does an MRI work?

It uses a static magnetic field to see atoms’ response to radiofrequency

how long does an MRI take?

45-60 min

what does a PET Scan stand for?

positive emission tomography

what does a PET Scan show?

metabolic activity

what needs to be injected/inhaled for a PET Scan?

radioactive isotope

how long does a PET scan last?

1-2 hrs

what diagnostic test uses intra-atrial injection of dye?

cerebral angiography

what does cerebral angiography diagnose?

occlusion, stenosis, carotid disease, aneurysms

pateints need to be on flat bedrest for 4-6 hrs after which diagnostics?

cerebral angiography and lumbar puncture

What is the short name for electroencephalogrpah?

EEG

What does an EEG do?

measures the electrical activity of the brain

What does an EEG diagnose/evaluate?

seizure disorders, sleep disorders, tumor, brain death

what diagnostic test accesses the spinal sub-arachnoid space in the lumbar area of the back?

lumbar puncture

what does a lumbar puncture do?

culture & sensitivity, adjust CSF pressure, check for presence of blood, medication

what should CSF look like?

clear and colorless

what does ALOC stand for?

altered level of consciousness

what’s the term for disorders outside the brain but in the cranial vault or disorders within the brain?

arousal structural alterations

what’s the term for alterations in the delivery of energy substances/in neuronal excitability?

arousal metabolic alterations

what diagnostic test would rule out bleeding and stroke?

CT scan

Is confusion a normal part of aging?

no

what might ALOC be related to?

infection, metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances, stroke

what is a seizure?

sudden transient disruption in brain electrical function

what is a seizure caused by?

excessive firing of a large number of neurons at the same time

what are some factors that can cause a seizure?

lesion, tumor, trauma, stress, hypoglycemia

what is epilepsy?

two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hrs apart

what two things are required in greater abundance during a seizure?

ATP and cerebral oxygen

what is the type of seizure that affects one lobe on one hemisohere?

focal

what ty;e of seizure afects both sides of the brain simultaneously?

generalized

which phase of a seizure leads someone to have auras?

preictal phase

which phase of a seizure does someone normally have confusion, diorientation, and headaches?

postictal

which medication would you give a patient via IV if they are having a seizure?

atavan 2 mg

what is produced when there’s a lack of oxygen?

lactate

if a seizure lasts more than 3 minutes, which kind of therapy should you start?

ASM

what is the most common cause of seizures?

stroke

what is meningitis?

inflammation of the meninges

when meningococcal meningitis spreads from the blood to CNS, what does it become?

meningococcal meningitis

what type of meningitis is fatal if left untreated?

bacterial

what are manifestations of bacterial meningitis?

change in mental status, fever, increased WBC in CSF

what are two treatments of meningitis?

empiric antibiotics and steroids

what causes brain swelling from inflammation?

meningitis

what is the term for what people have in common and what consists of common beliefs and practices?

culture

what is the term for when common trends are identified?

generalizations

what refers to grouping of people based on bological similarities?

race

what refers to groups sharing a common social and cultural heritage and have characteristics in common?

ethnicity

what is the term for the conditions in the environment where ppl are born, live, and learn

social determinants of health

what are the 5 domains of social determinants of health?

economic, educational, health care access, neighborhoods, community context

what is the term for a negative attitude against a specific social group?

implicit bias

what si the term for a unsubstantiated belief that all people of a certain racial or ethnic group are alike in many repects?

stereotype

what two types of drugs could ginseng negatively interact with?

blood thinners and diabetic medication

what is the primary focus of community-based care?

prevention

what level of prevention is a nurse educating high schoolers on STDs?

primary

what level of prevention is providing screening programs?

secondary

what level of prevention is halting disease progression

tertiary prevention

what increases airway resistance?

bronchoconstriction

what is hypoxia?

reduced O2 of cells in tissues

define hypoxemia

reduced O2 in arterial blood

what is Sp02?

peripheral 02 saturation

Pa02

arterial oxygen tension

is airway obstruction worse with expiration or inspiration?

expiration

what’s a symptom of obstructive pulmo. disease

dyspnea

what’s a sign of obstructive pulmo. disease

wheezing

is asthma reversible or non-reversible?

reversible

is COPD reversible or non-reversible?

non-reversible

what are the 4 causes of increased airway resistance?

CONTRACTION of bronchial smooth muscle, THICKENING of bronchial mucosa, airway OBSTRUCTION, loss of lung ELASTICITY

what is asthma?

chronic inflammatory lung disease of bronchial mucosa

which vitamin reduces the risk of asthma?

vitamin D

which type of respiratory disorder is asthma?

vitamin D

what is a serum glycoprotein made by B lymphocyte cells?

antibody

what is a molecule that eacts with antibodies or antigen receptors on T+B cells?

antigen

what type of medication should someone take if they have airway inflammation?

antihystamine

how long after an early asthmatic response does a late asthmatic response happen?

4-8 hours

what are three kinds of airway hyper-responsiveness?

bronchoconstriction, airway edema, mucus production

what is thr inability to speak in full sentences a manifestation of?

asthma

what does it mean if someone has status asthmaticus?

unresponsive to typical rescue treatments

what is the primary cause of COPD?

smoking

what is the epidemiology of COPD?

long-term exposure to pollution/cigarrette smoke

what is COPD in simple terms?

airflow blockage

what is the term for high CO2 levels?

hypercapnia

what is emphysema?

destruction of alveoli

what is emphysema?

destruction of alveoli

what is bronchitis?

lung tissue destruction/inflammation of bronchioles

what are side effects of emphysema?

AP diameter increase, prolonged expiration, use of accessory muscles

what are side effects of bronchitis?

wheezing, SOB, sputum

what are side effects of COPD?

fatigue, dyspnea, bronchitis, prolonged expiratory

what type of medication is warfarin?

anticoagulant

which drug interferes with clotting factors that depend on vitamin K to be made?

warfarin

what is the antidote of warfarin?

vitamin K

when does warfarin peak?

days 5-7

what are 3 things patients on warfarin should not injest?

vit K foods, NSAIDS, alcohol

what type of medication is enoxaparin (Lovenox)?

anticoagulant

what pharmacologic class is warfarin?

coumarin

what pharmacologic class is enoxaparin?

antithrombotic

what does enoxaparin do?

block clotting factors Xa and thrombin