Personality exam 4

What are Erikson’s terms “Body Ego,” “Ego Ideal,” and “Ego Identity”?

• Body Ego: One’s sense of physical self and acceptance of one's body.

• Ego Ideal: The image of the person one wants to become, influenced by goals and societal ideals.

• Ego Identity: The sense of self that develops through social interaction and is maintained over time

What is the “epigenetic principle” according to Erikson?

The idea that development occurs in predetermined stages and each stage builds upon the previous one.

Describe Erikson’s stages of personality development

Each stage includes:

• A name (e.g., Trust vs. Mistrust)

• A Freudian stage (e.g., Oral)

• A primary crisis to resolve

• A resulting basic strength or pathology (e.g., Hope vs. Withdrawal)

According to Piaget, what is the relationship between affectivity and cognitive development?

Affectivity (emotion) and cognition are interdependent and influence each other’s development.

What was significant about Therese Gouin Decarie’s research?

She explored the development of affectivity and its early emergence in infancy.

At which Piagetian stage does personality emerge?

During the concrete operational stage

What are the assumptions of Baltes’ theory of development?

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, and involves growth and decline.

What influences development according to Baltes?

• Normative age-graded influences

• Normative history-graded influences

• Non-normative life events

What is Baltes’ SOC model?

Selection, Optimization, Compensation — a strategy for successful aging

What are the five dimensions of wisdom-related expertise?

1. Factual knowledge

2. Procedural knowledge

3. Life-span contextualism

4. Value relativism

5. Recognition of and management of uncertainty

Define “emic” and “etic.”

• Emic: Culture-specific perspective

• Etic: Universal or cross-cultural perspective

What is the WEIRD problem?

Over-reliance on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic samples limits generalizability in personality research.

What are types of collectivism and individualism?

• Vertical/Horizontal Individualism & Collectivism: Varies based on hierarchy and equality in social relationships.

What is transmitted culture vs. evoked culture?

• Transmitted: Learned through social transmission

• Evoked: Triggered by environmental conditions

Define non-universals, weak universals, and accessibility universals.

• Non-universals: Not found in all cultures

• Weak universals: Found in all cultures but function differently

• Accessibility universals: Same in function and use across cultures

What is the niche diversity hypothesis?

Personality traits evolve to match the diversity of environmental and social niches.

What are the constructs of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory?

Factors include Harmony, Ren Qing (relationship orientation), Modernization, Face, and others unique to Chinese culture.

Describe the one-, two-, and three-factor theories of personality.

• One-factor: General personality trait

• Two-factor: E.g., Stability and Plasticity

• Three-factor: E.g., Eysenck's PEN (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism)

What did the Wood, Gurven & Goldberg (2021) study find?

Personality structure may differ across cultures; Big Five may not be universally applicable.

: How is self-efficacy expressed cross-culturally?

Its expression varies by cultural norms; individualist cultures emphasize personal success, collectivist cultures emphasize group success.

What did Lamm et al. (2017) find in the marshmallow test across cultures?

Delay of gratification varies by culture, reflecting differing parenting styles and values.

How do conceptions of self differ by culture?

• Independent self: Emphasized in individualist cultures

• Interdependent self: Emphasized in collectivist cultures

How were the traits of the dark tetrad discovered?

Through factor analyses of antisocial traits across populations.

What is the shared trait of the dark tetrad?

Callousness or lack of empathy.

What are the basic properties of the dark tetrad?

• Machiavellianism: Manipulativeness

• Narcissism: Grandiosity

• Psychopathy: Impulsivity and remorselessness

• Sadism: Enjoyment of others' pain

How do the dark tetrad traits relate to the Big Five?

Typically low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness.

Describe personality disorders by cluster.

• Erratic (Cluster B): Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic

• Eccentric (Cluster A): Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

• Anxious (Cluster C): Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

What is the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD)?
A: Based on the Five Factor Model; includes:

• Criterion A: Impairments in personality functioning

• Criterion B: Pathological personality traits

How do personality factors relate to stress and health?

Traits like Neuroticism increase stress vulnerability; Conscientiousness is linked to healthier behaviors.

What is the correlation between the Big Five and subjective well-being?

• High Extraversion & Low Neuroticism → Higher subjective well-being

How does each personality theory define happiness?

• Humanistic: Self-actualization

• Trait: Stable dispositions

• Cognitive: Positive interpretations

• Biological: Genetic influences

What are areas for future research in personality?

Cultural variation, genetic/epigenetic factors, longitudinal stability, technology’s influence on personality.