Ch 18

almost always preceded by pre-existing damage or malformation of the heart valves

subacute endocarditis

Put the phases of sepsis in order:

1. sepsis

2. severe sepsis

3. septic shock

sepsis

Overwhelming inflammatory response to infection in blood/tissues

sepsis shock

system inflammatory response leading to a critical drop in blood pressure

endocarditis

inflammation of the heart lining/valves

In acute endocarditis, how do microbes usually get into the bloodstream?

parenteral introduction through surgery or IV drug use

In subacute endocarditis, how do microbes usually get into the bloodstream?

lacerations, especially in the mouth

Where do bacterial vegetations or biofilms for on the heart?

on the heart valves

splinter hemorrhages

Small lines of bleeding under the nails

Osler's nodes

Painful nodules on the fingers and toes

Janeway lesions

Small, flat, painless lesions usually on palms or soles

If an individual has mononucleosis, why should they not play sports?

they risk rupturing an enlarged spleen

How long may an individual experience the symptoms of mono?

up to 6 months

What is not an AIDS defining illness?

chronic HSV ulcers

retrovirus

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA copies

Put the stages of HIV infection in order:

1. acute HIV infection

2. chronic HIV infection

3. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

HIV can only infect cells containing:

CD4 and CCR-5 receptors

ways to prevent passing HIV to a partner:

• barrier methods of contraception

• PrEP for partner

• avoid needle sharing

ways to prevent passing HIV vertically:

• vigilant antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy

• avoid breastfeeding

reverse transcriptase inhibitor

block the action of reverse transcriptase

Plasmodium falciparum

species of Plasmodium, responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths

Which organ does malaria infect?

liver

How does Plasmodium avoid being attacked by the body's immune system?

antigenic variation

What is NOT a way to prevent the spread of malaria?

personal hygiene

bubo

a lesion formed by inflammation and necrosis of a lymph node

septicemic plague

plague in the bloodstream

common reservoir for tularemia

wild rabbits

If cases of tularemia are rare, why is it important to know about this infection?

• Infections are rising in the US

• It can easily be mistaken for other illnesses due to a generic presentation

• untreated, the mortality rate can be around 30%

erythema migrans

name to describe the bullseye rash from Lyme’s diseases

T/F: The rash for Lyme’s disease will always appear as a bulls-eye

False

reservoir for Lyme’s disease

mice

How long does a tick need to be attached in order to transmit Borrelia?

at least 24 hours

How long may it take for Lyme’s disease rash to appear?

3-30 days (average 7 days)

How long after the initial bite does it take for the dissemination stage of Lyme’s?

3-12 weeks

hemorrhagic fever diseases

Systemic diseases that damage the CV system resulting in hemorrhaging.

Ebola, Marburg, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, and Dengue Fever are all caused by:

viruses

Babesiosis is caused by a:

protozoan (non-bacterial)

Ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis & babesiosis present and spread similarly. What would lead you to suspect one over the others?

geography

What is true of cat scratch fever?

Cats become infected with the bacteria through flea bites or flea droppings

What is not true about Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

The presence of a rash confirms diagnosis