PUBH Exam 1 Review (NO AI)

Vulnerable Populations

those at higher risk than average for disease or bad outcomes of disease

Population Health

gives strategies for considering the broad range of potential interventions

interventions

full range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease

eras of public health

Health Protections (BC-1830s)

Hygiene Movement (1840-1870s), John Snow

Contagion Control (1880-1940s)

Filling Holes in Medical Care System(1950s-1980s)

Disease Prevention (1980s-2000)

Public Health (Now)

FOUR components of public health

Health issues, Populations ,Society shared values, Vulnerable groups 

High Risk Approach

focuses on those with the highest probability of developing disease and aims to bring that risk down

Approaches to Public Health

Traditional public health - community-based interventions directed at health promotion 

Healthcare – one on one individual health services  

Social Interventions – interventions with another non health related purpose 

morbidity

disease

mortality

d

Contributary Causes

direct causes for death 

Determinants

are used to identify underlying factors that bring about disease 

Factors of determinants: BIG GEMS 

Behavior , Infection, Genetics, Geography, Environment, Medical Care, Socioeconomic 

Demographic Transition

describes the impact of changing childhood death rates and population distribution (population pyramids)

Epidemiological Transition

a public health transition and as social development occurs, different diseases become prominent

Nutritional Transition

poorly balanced diets to diets of processed food

Burden of disease

is the occurrence of disability and death due to the disease

Course of disease

is how often the disease occurs

Distribution of disease

how the disease got to that point

Incidence Rates

measure the chances of developing a disease

Incidence Rate Formula

   # of new cases in a year             # of ppl in at risk population

etiology

Incidence is used in______

Cse Fatality

the chances of dying from a disease once diagnosed (found by incidence) 

Prevalence Rates

measure the number of people who have the disease

Prevalence Rate Formula

  # of living people with a disease            # of ppl in at risk population 

Group Associations

are used to compare disease occurrence between populations to determine if there is an association between an exposure and an outcome. They are established by investigations that use info on populations without having info on specific individuals. (Drowning ice cream thing)

Confounding Variable

the variable in the Ice cream and drowning effects is called a

Ecological Associations

the study of the relationship between exposure and disease at the population level 

Risk Indicators

are when the types of factors occur more frequently among groups with the disease than groups without 

the three basic types of investigations are called

Case control studies 

Cohort studies 

Randomized controlled trials 

reverse causality

The conclusion that stopping smoking causes lung cancer due to an increased risk of cancer from stopping is called

strength of relationship

implies that we are interested in knowing how closely related risk factor is to the disease 

relative risk

To measure strength of relationship , you calculate

relative risk formula

probability of lung cancer for smokers          probability for non-smokers 

relative risk

the probability of developing a disease if risk factor is present vs if it isn’t

dose-response relationship

We can also ask if smoking more cigarettes increases your chance of lung cancer, this is called

protective factor

greater exposure decreases your likeliness of developing said disease, this is called the

biological criterion

implies that we can explain the occurrence of disease based upon known and accepted biological mechanisms 

absolute risk

actual chance of developing a disease in the presence of a risk factor expressed numerically 

Steps of Establishing Contributary Causes (Efficacy)

1. Hypothesis – Group Association – population studies 

2. Requirement 1 – individual association – case control studies 

3. Requirement 2 - “cause” before “effect” - cohort studies 

4. Requirement 3 – altering the “cause” alters the “effect” - randomized controlled trial 

5. Contributary Cause 

necessary cause

Despite the evidence, some get lung cancer and never smoke, therefore cigarettes are not a ______ of cancer

sufficient cause

Some smoke all their lives and never get lung cancer, therefore cigarettes are not a ______ of cancer 

Primary Interventions

take place before the onset of disease

Secondary Interventions

occur after the development of disease, but before symptoms appear

Tertiary Interventions

take place after the initial occurrence of symptoms, but before irreversible disability

Three core public health functions

• Assessment - includes data defining the health of the overall population and specific groups within it 

• Policy Development – includes developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options to guide implementation 

• Assurance – includes governmental public health's oversight responsibility for ensuring that key components of an effective health care system are in place 

healthcare safety nets

Health departments in parts of the US that also serve as healthcare providers for those without sources of healthcare, called

accreditation

a process that evaluates a healthcare organization’s compliance with standards and regulatory requirements

foundational public health services

are the skills, programs, and activities that must be available in state and local health departments system wide. 

foundational capablities

are cross cutting skills that need to be present in state local health departments everywhere for the health system to work. 

foundational areas

are those substantive areas of expertise or programs specific activities in all state and local health departments also essential to protect the community’s health.