Introduction to CSD Final - Potential Case Study Diagnosis

Aphasia

partial or complete loss of speech and language skills as a result of brain damage

- stroke is the most common cause

Broca's Aphasia

primarily expressive

damage to left frontal lobe

-hesitation before speaking

-effortful speech (um, well, um, worked... um, on a desk)

Wernicke's Aphasia

primarily receptive

damage in posterior part of superior gyrus of temporal lobe

-fluent aphasia

-speech lacks meaning & is not responsive in context (id like to change for me and change hands for me, it was happy)

Conduction Aphasia

impaired ability to repeat words and sentences (never really seen by itself- w/ global)

damage to arcuate fasciculus (connects B & W)

-repetition of others speech is impaired

-occasional phoneme and/or word errors(one two three five, nn uh, boin, too thuh, gehvry, beople)

Anomic Aphasia

word finding difficulties (often seen in some degree in any type of aphasia)

damage anywhere is persylvian area

-word finding problems, especially nouns

-can tell you all about it but can't find the word (gooey stuff you put on pasta=cheese)

Primary Progressive Aphasia

lost ability to express & sometimes understand

increases in severity over time (can't rehab but focus on what they can do-- prepare them a script)

**disease!! loss of tissue in s&l areas

-broca's symptoms

-poor word retrieval & comprehension (uuh-tho = i don't know)-- see it, write it, say it

Global Aphasia

both expression & comprehension

mostly damage of persylvian speech & language area

***immediately after stoke, usually gets better

-poor comprehension & expression of automatic utterances

-residual anomia when most other language functions recover (whats your name? whats what?)

TBI leading to Aphasia

often, returns to normal (phonology, morphology, and syntax), time will to recovery will vary

- has pragmatic issues, may fight to do therapy, will have to help them manage their emotions

- some anomia may persist

Fluent vs. Nonfluent Aphasia

FLUENT APHASIA

-Wernicke: receptive aphasia, can NOT comprehend, articulate, write

-Conduction: word finding problems, intact reading, writing imapired

NON-FLUENT APHASIA

-Broca: expressive aphasia, intact reading/auditory comprehension, motor impairment, paraphrases

-Global: impaired, reading/auditory comprehension, use non-verbal means

Apraxia vs. Aphasia

apraxia- we know the word but can't physically say it (motor planning deficit)

aphasia- we can't find the word

Dementia

degenerative disease independent of other neurological diseases

-progressive & irreversible neuron death

-problems w/ memory, cognition, executive function

- speech & language problems similar to aphasia (anomia) but different with each type

-problems with memory, cognition, executive function, psychiatric health

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

childhood disorder resulting from brain damage incurred before, during, or shortly following birth

- most common motor disability in childhood

Spastic CP

increased muscle tone, stiffness, and rigidity

- damage to primarily to corticobulbar tracts

Athetoid/dyskinetic CP

rag doll, no muscle tone, floppy

- damage to basal ganglia

Ataxic CP

random movements, jerky/unpredictable movements

- damage to cerebellum

Down Syndrome

familiar faces no matter what race, sweet personalities

-leading genetic cause of ID, not heritable

- speech & language impairment, hearing loss, complex sentences, morphology, syntax, pragmatics!

**phonological development is often delayed but highly intelligible

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

-struggle greatly w/ use (pragmatics)

-content- can comprehend a lot but vocab is really delayed

-larger expressive vocab than comprehension

-form- syntax is usually pretty good but as sentences get more complex, they struggle (the ball is kicked by alex)

Dysarthria

the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

Apraxia

impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function

Adult Apraxia of Speech (AAS)

motor speech disorder not due to weakness of musclesplanning/programming disorder-hesitations, speech sound errors, patient recognizes error(hockey therapist, OT, i really can't pronounce it, opcheetherah)

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

inability to perform certain motor behaviors in the absence of muscle weakness, or other muscle problems

- can't perform actions and no obvious muscle weakness or paralysis of the muscles required to perform the action

- cannot demonstrate the use of an object/tool

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)

severity depends on mutation (genetic & hereditable)

-leading hereditable cause of ID

- speech & language impairment, autism, anxiety & depression, morphology & syntax errors, understand more than DS but poor vocab, pragmatics!

-follow typical path but at a much slower pace

Speech Sound Disorder

difficulty producing or using sounds at an age-appropriate level

Phonological Disorder

impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

Articulatory Disorder

difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or an inability to produce certain speech sounds

Stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

- results from strokes or other degenerative diseases

- may disrupt control of timing and coordination that are essential to normal swallowing

- weakness of lips, jaw, tongue, velum, pharynx, and larynx

What is adult language disorder?

language disorders that are acquired in adulthood as result of stroke, TBI, or other degenerative disorders like dementia

difference vs. disorder

difference= common among their community (dialect)

disorder= significant impairment