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Reference Maps

Informational Maps that show location of features

Thematic Maps

Show data and spatial patterns of geography and quantitative data

Types of Reference maps (3)

Political boundaries, Physical features/Normal Map, Transportation Map

Topographic

Uses line to show terrain and elevation like google maps

Chloropleth

Show data using different colors

Dot Density

Show data using dots to represent the data, and clustering/density.

Graduated Symbol

Shows data using symbols where its size is relative to the data they represent

Cartogram

Shows data by distorting the size of geographic land

Isoline

Uses lines to depict changes in data (closer = more change

Flow Line Map

Uses arrows to show the movement of things

Environmental Determinism

Idea that the environment sets the limit/possibilities of human development

Environmental Possibilism

Idea that humans can overcome obstacles due to environment using technology to adapt/modify

Distance Decay

The further away two things are, the less interaction will occur between them because of their distance

Friction of Distance

Distance creates obstacles, such as time, money, effort

Time-Space compression

Due to technology and globalization, the world is “shrinking” and the distance between locations is “decreasing”.

GPS

network of satellites that determine exact location of something on the earth’s surface, and navigate from point A to B

GIS

System that can collect, analyze and display geographic data collected by remote sensing to create layered maps to show different land uses

Field Observations

Have people go to the place to collect data; is accurate but may be costly

Remote Sensing

Process of collecting information about Earth’s surface through satellites orbiting Earth

Space

Place given value by humans

Place

Specific point with one or more unique spatial or human characteristic.

Site

What’s located at the place, its features

Situation

What’s around the place and how it connected to the location

Mercador Map

Map projection with heavy size distortions but is most commonly used/seen

Peters Map

Correct Size, but distortions on shape and distance

Goode Homolosine Map

Correct Size and shape but has interruptions and distortions of distance

Robinson Map

Correct size and shape but distortions around poles

Absolute Direction/Distance/Location

Compass directions, latitude, longitude and exact measurements

Relative Directions/Distance/Location

Directions, distance or location relative to the location of another thing

Census

survey of population demographics that occurs every 10 year

Formal/Uniform Region

Have common attribute

Functional/Nodal Region

Organized around a node or center point

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

Regions organized by a person’s perception, attitudes or opinions

Quantitative Data

data of numerical value

Qualitative Data

data based on opinion or description

International Date Line

Arithmetic Density

Total Pop/Total land

How many people are living on each unit of land

Physiological Density

Total Pop/Total Arable Land

How many people each unit of land must support

Agricultural Density

Total # Farmers/Total Arable Land

how efficient the society is at producing food

Pre-reproductive

0-14 years old

High # shows growing population and high youth dependency

Reproductive

15-64 Years

working class and tax base

Post-Reproductive

64+ years olds

High # shows shrinking population and high elderly dependency

Youth Dependency Ratio

Total Pre/Total Reproductive * 100

need childcare and education, recreation

Elderly Dependency Ratio

Total post/Total Reproductive * 100

need healthcare and retirement

Sex Ratio

# of male births/# of female births * 100

Carrying Capacity

number of people an environment can support sustainably

Natural Rate of Increase

Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate

Crude Birth Rate

# of live births/total pop * 1000

Crude Death Rate

# of deaths/total population * 1000

Forced Migration

When the migrant has to choice but no migrate

Refugee/Asylum Seeker

forced transnational migration due to war, famine or prosecution

Voluntary Migration

migration done willingly for economic, political or social reason

Chain Migration

Migration where family and friends follow the migrant, creating a chain of migrants

Step migration

Migration doen in steps along the way to destinations, usually to further locations

Transhumance

Migration due to agriculture and movement of livestock according to seasons and food source

Transnational Migration

Migration across international borders but migrant stays connected to their country such as through culture or family

Interregional Migration

Migration within the same country, but not the same region

Intraregional Migration

Migration within the same region

Intervening Obstacles

negative events that hinder and prevent migrants from reaching their destinations

Intervening Opportunities

positive events that hinder and prevent migrants from reaching their destinations by providing a better opportunity along the way

Total Fertility Rate

avergage number of children born to a woman

Pro-natalist Policies

policies that promote having kids by offering resources for family planning and childcare Ex. Japan, Denmark

Anti-natalist Policies

policies that promote family planning and contraceptives to decrease birth rates Ex. China, India

Guest Workers

temporary migrants for work or education to fill gaps in work force

Remittance

money sent home by guest workers

Immigrant policies

restrict or encourage migration based on economic needs, social beliefs, security priorities, population demographics

Infant mortality Rate

number of deaths of infants per 1000 births; decreased due to healthcare improvements

Diaspora

the dispersal or emigration of people away from their homeland

Neo-Malthusians

people who have adapted Malthusian theory to cover natural resources which are finite while population continues to deplete them, citing climate change, water shortages and desertification to justify themselves

Ester Boserup

Stated that population shouldn’t be checked because people who could innovate wouldn’t be born

Epidemiological transition Stage 1

basically Everything: famine, animals, disease, famine, lack of sanitation, viruses

Epidemiological transition Stage 2

New advancements in medicine and sanitation cause receding pandemics

Epidemiological transition Stage 3

live longer but emergence of degenerative diseases cause by humans over time such as Heart Attacks

Epidemiological transition Stage 4

Medical Advancements can delay degenerative diseases through improved lifestyle and diets, but causes unhealthy habits leading to obesity

Epidemiological transition Stage 5

Parasitic and infectious become prevalent again as they evolve to resist vaccines and anti-biotics, and spread quickly in urbanized global world

Demographic transition Stage 1

High CBR and High CDR = Low NRI

agricultural, subsistence, primary sector

Demographic transition Stage 2

High CBR and decreasing CDR = Increasing NRI

transition to secondary sector due to food surplus and innovation in tech/Medicine

Demographic transition Stage 3

Decreasing CBR and Low CDR = Slowly Increasing NRI

Industrialized economy with growing urbanization and women participating in the economy

Demographic transition Stage 4

Low CBR and Low CDR = ZPG/Level NRI

higher education rate, shift to tertiary sector, higher cost of living and women focusing on careers

Demographic transition Stage 5

Lower CBR and Low CDR = Negative NRI

Decreasing Population

Popular Culture

large heterogeneous people with similar habits, ideas, and perspectives with general tastes but individual personality traits that spreads through hierarchical (Word cities) or Contagious (Internet) diffusion

Folk Culture

Small Homogenous people with emphasis on family and religion with a risk of being replaced that spreads through relocation diffusion but has anonymous hearth

Indigenous Culture

Folk culture that was the first to settle in an area, and continue to exist there but aren’t the dominant culture anymore

Material Culture

Visible items given value by individual or society

Non-Material Culture

Ideas, beliefs or practices that are passed down generations, or given value by society

Ethocentrism

belief that their nation or ethnicity is superior

Ethnocentric Approach

Views another culture through their own culture’s standards as the benchmark of the correct way

Cultural Relativism

View another culture through its own standards while embracing differences instead of judging

Cultural Hearth

Birthplace of an idea or innovation from where it diffuses

Ethnic Religion

religion that is tied to a specific ethnic group and don’t seek converts; relocation diffusion

Universalizing Religion

Religion that seeks to spread their beliefs and find converts; spread through relocation and hierarchical diffusion

Acculturation

occurs when a culture adopts certain elements of the more dominant culture in order to function socially or economically in society but doesn’t result in loss of original culture

Assimilation

occurs when minority cultures are absorbed by dominant culture or forced to adopt all elements, leading to loss of original culture

Syncretism

the blending of 2 or more cultures to create a new culture that has its own beliefs

Multiculturism

cultural diversity within society, often due to immigration

Glocalization

adaption of global ideas and products to fit local culture and population

Relocation Diffusion

when people physically move and bring their culture along with them, weakening the hearth

Contagious Diffusion

when culture expands outward quickly with little to no barriers, without weakening hearth

Hierarchical Diffusion

diffuses through a system or order from top, powerful/urban, to bottom, less known/small

Reverse hierarchical Diffusion

diffuses in reverse order, from bottom to top, usually rural to urban