MAO ZEDONG UNIT - IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS

How was China in the early 20th century and what was it subject to?

China was largely fragmented and it was subject to rampant European Imperialism.

What was rampant by non-Chinese?

Political influence

What was becoming of China's long time rival Japan?

Japan had begun to Westernize and was growing increasingly powerful.

What losses during the 19th century left many demoralized?

Conflicts such as the Opium Wars and Japanese Chinese War of 1894-1895.

What did resistance movements like The Boxer Rebellion attempt?

Attempted to mute foreign cultrual/economic influence (particulary European).

Unlike their neighbor Japan, how was China like?

China was largely non-industrialized and agrarian.

What Chinese began to do to their Emperor?

They began to oppose him. They grew resentful of the rampant corruption and inflation.

Who was the acknowledged leader of the revolutionary uprising? What the uprsing comprise of?

Sun Yat Sen was the acknowledged leader of the movement. Uprising comprised of peasants, townspeople, and students.

What resulted from the revolution?

1. Qing Dynasty collapsed

2. Six-year-old Puyi abdicated.

3. China became a republic.

What happened within the early years of the Chinese Republic?

Fighting erupted among various warlords.

What emerged during the early years of the Chinese Republic?

The nationalist GMD (Guomindang) emerged during the early years of the Chinese Republic.

What did WWI observe?

World War One observed Chinese land given to the Japanese as a result of German concessions within the Treaty of Versailles.

Who was the leader of the GMD? What did he do?

The leader of the GMD was Jiang Jieshi who stamped out of the warlords uniting China.

Who was among Jiang Jieshi early supporters?

Among Jiang Jieshi's early supporters was a young Mao Zedong of the Hunan Province.

How did Jieshi feel regarding Communism?

However, Jieshi opposed Communism feeling that it represented a treated to Chinese autonomy (called it a disease).

He aggressively opposed communist influence within the GMD which won.

What did Jieshi's efforts lead to?

1. Stablized the currency

2. Led to some industrail growth.

What resulted from the poor terms of Treaty of Versailles?

Many Chinese took part in a massive anti-Western demonstration. Intellectuals from a wide range of movements were there.

What caused Mao's marxist thought?

Mao's Marxist thought was influenced by Communism while at Beijing University.

What does Mao take part in on May 4th, 1919?

Mao takes part in public demonstrations against German territory in China being given to Japan.

What did the Russian Comintern promote?

The Russian Comintern promoted the creation of the Chinese Communist Party.

What did the Comintern tell the Chinese Communist Party to do?

The Chinese Communist Party was told by the Comintern to infiltrate the nationalist GMD in order to resist imperialism.

What did Mao become a part of?

Mao became part of the GMD as well as a central member of CCP.

How did Mao break the communist theory?

Mao broke communist theory believing that the peasantry was the key to success of the Communist revolution.

What did nationalist Jiang Jieshi break in 1927?

Nationalist Jiang Jieshi broke his alliance with the CCP in 1927.

What did Jieshi crush?

Jieshi crushed Mao's communist revolution in the Hunan Province.

What did Mao form and what were they known for?

Mao formed the Communist Red Army in the hills of the countryside and was known for treating the peasantry kindly (unlike the nationalist). Mao's army swell as a result.

How did the Communist Red Army survive?

Poorly supplied, the army relied on guerrilla tactics to disrupt the Jieshi's nationalist forces.

What region did Mao's forces control?

Mao's forces controlled a portion, Jiangxi Province, calling it Chinese Soviet Jiangxi (more impoverished peasants encouraged to kill their wealthier neighbors/ those suspected of disloyalty).

In what belief was Mao a firm believer?

Mao was a firm believer in the idea of the Marxist thought and worldwide revolution, including the dictatorship of the proletariat.

How did Mao break away from the traditional Marxist belief?

Mao broke somewhat from traditional Marxist thought in his belief that the peasantry was vital to the Marxist revolution.

What was Mao's first stage of revolution?

The first revolution could contain elements of the bourgeoisie and their private ownership could continue.

What was Mao's second stage of revolution?

The second stage would eliminate the bourgeoisie and private ownership via collectivization and mass mobilization.

According to Mao, what would mass mobilzation be utilized for?

Mass mobilization would also be utilized to support party endeavors and according to Mao with the proper guidance the people would support these efforts voluntarily.

What would become of the Communist revolution?

Communist Revolution would not end once control of the state was established but would continue to prevent corruption and maintain enthusiasm.

What are two beliefs of the Maoist thought?

1. Self criticism and rectification there should an openness among members to critique.

2. Ruthless determination violence is a necessary element of evolution.

What was the primacy of Maoist thought?

Mao was always right and should be studied to right the wrongs of the revolution.

What caused the May Fourth Movement?

Poor terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

Who were there at the May Fourth Movement?

Inteleccual from a wide range of movements.

What were the themes of the May Fourth Movement?

1. Anti-Confucianism

2.Anti-Imperalism

3.Iconoclasm

What did Mao present during the May Fourth Movement?

Mao presented the movement as the strt of the CHinese Coummist efforts to remake society.

What was the Long March?

Long March is the name given to the large scale retreat of the communist forces to the nationalists in 1934.

Although the Long March was a massive defeat, what did the CCP present it as?

Presented it as a heroic display of resilance and courage.

How did Mao emerge as during the Long March?

He emerged as a central figure. in keeping the army together and alive.

What was the state of Mao's army, initially? What eventually became of it?

Initially, Mao had fewer troops, less equipment with no aircraft. By 1948, the armies were equal in size and had perfected guerrilla warfare (nationalist better at conventional warfare).

How was the morale for the communist?

Morale for the Communist was considerably higher and service was not forced.

Regarding territory, explain Mao's involvement?

Mao started out with very little but by 1949 he had control of Manchuria and most of south and West China.

Who did the U.S. support during the Communist Civil War? How about Soviet Union (Stalin)?

1. U.S. supported Jiang Jieshi.

2. Stalin's support of Mao was intermittent early on and featured equipment and training. Stalin ordered the major cities be given to the Nationalist.

What were Mao's tactices to sway public opinion in his favor?

1. Mao effectively utilized propaganda,

2. kind treatment of the peasantry and

3. the usage of a cult of personality to sway public opinion in his favor (nationalist mistreated peasants).

Describe Mao's leadership.

Mao was ineffective at dealing with foreign powers. He allowed field commanders to fight without interference (Jieshi very controlling/stubborn/inflexible).

What became of guerrila warfare during the Civil War?

Eventually, guerrilla warfare gave way to traditional tactics which by then were also dominated by the Communist forces of Mao.

Were efforts to defeat the Nationalists for control of China during the early 1930s successful?

Yes they were.

What breaks out between Mao's Communist and Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces?

Full scale civil war breaks out.

What was there during WW2 for Communists and Nationlists?

During WW2 there was a level of unity which soon fell apart at the end of WW2 and the civil war resumed.The U.S and the allies recognized Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist government as legitimate.

Who came out victorious from the Chinese Civil War? Who supported Mao?

During the Chinese Civil War from 1946-1949 Mao's Red Army emerged as victorious. Stalin had shown inclinations toward support.

Where did Jieshi escape to? What did he try to do there?

Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist escaped to Taiwan and claimed to be the legitimate Chinese government.

What is Maoist thought a byproduct of?

The Maoist thought is largely the byproduct of his peasant upbringing.

State three important facts about Mao's upbringing.

1. He grew up in China during the peak era of foreign influence.

2. He was a soldier in anti-Qing revolution of 1911 but was upset with resulting chaos.

3. He was heavily exposed to Confucius' ideas (later he rejects them).

Who were the two mentor figures for Mao?

1. Yang Changing - exposed him to Western ideas.

2. Yan Fu - scholar stressed the need for strong leadership in China.

How did Maoist ideology prove in Mao's quest for power?

Maoist ideology, also known as the Yan'an spirit, proved very successful in his quest for power in 1949.

With whom did Mao clash over the proper way to instill Communism?

1. Liu Shaoqi

2. Deng Xiaoping

What has Mao's focus always been on?

Mao focuses had always been on the mobilization of the masses toward communist principle. He believed his will for success would prove victorious.

What did Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping emphasize?

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping emphasised addressing economic needs as they emerge and slowing down the pass of collectivization (this conflicted with Mao).

What was Mao a firm believer in and what could he not accept?

Mao was a firm believer in his own ideology and could not accept his plans were in any flawed.

On who did Mao blame shortcomings?

1. "bourgeois elements,"

2. "backsliders,"

3. capitalist roaders"

rather than himself/ or his ideas.

Which year did Mao step down? What did he still commit to?

Mao officially steps down aw chairman of the People's Republic of China in 1959 but retained his commitment to "continuing the revolution." He still retained an immense amount of influence.

What was education designed as and what did it emphasize?

Education was designed as a work-study program. Universal participation was emphasized, socialist ideology.

What did Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping believe in?

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping opposed this process believing that stability and economic growth would be required for the revolution.

What did Mao do to the government?

Government- Mao consolidated all of the non- GMD forces and produced a temporary constitution (with voting rights).

What became of the CCP in 1952?

The Communist Party dominated this alliance. In 1952, it became only legal party in the state.

Who were not given the right to vote?

However, large landowners, large business owners and former GMD supporters were not given the right to vote

Who were given rights to maximize their talents?

The national bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie were given civil rights as a means to maximize their talents.

How was the country divided during Mao's reign?

The country was divided into six regions and some of the GMD officials were kept on to take care of administrative responsibilities (eventually noncommunist were removed from all power position).

What did the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 do?

Stabilized the inflation, standards of living improved. Effectively outlawed corruption, drug dealers, prostitutes.

What was the Danwei?

Was an organization to which all workers were required to belong (work unit). They also controlled food supplies, housing, and permits for travel and marriage.

What did mass patriotic movements encourage?

Mass patriotic movements encouraged hygiene and educate about healthy living and death rates fell steadily

Elements of healthcare class were looked at with what?

Doctors were looked at with suspicion and were replaced with poorly trained "barefoot" doctors

Mao feared the challenge posed by what?

Counterrevolutionary elements.

Why did mao allow a degree of cooperation in the early years from petty bourgeoisie?

He did this to maintain their business and skills.

High taxes were used and people were encouraged to inform against anyone perceived to be what?

Anyone perceived to be anti-revolutionaries.

Propaganda/self-criticism was used to wipe out what?

Bourgeois individualism

How many mass mobilization campaigns were there between 1950 + 1952?

There were four mass mobilization campaigns

The resist America and aid Korea campaign of 1950 resulted in what?

Resulted in many foreigners being expelled. Missionaries were arrested and Church closed.

The suppression of counter revolutionaries campaigns 1950/1951 was focused on what?

Focused on those with links to the GMD criminal gangs and religious sects. There numerous denunciations and public executions.

What were the 3 anti campaigns of 1951 and who were they directed towards?

This was directed at both Communist and noncommunist. The goal was anti corruption, anti western, and anti obstruction.

What were the 5 anti campaigns of 1952?

Anti-bribery, anti-tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating in government contracts and economic espionage.

In early 1954, who did Mao purge?

Those who had opposed his Five Year Plan for the industry.

By 1953 what became of China's economy?

Chinese economy became strong and the budget was balanced.

What did the CCP contain and what did Mao feel was necessary to do?

The party contained numerous talented indoctrinated individuals. Thus he felt it was necessary to further implement total communism.

Of what did Mao become paranoid?

Mao suspected resistance to this change and became paranoid that there were lots against him.

What did Mao establish during 1958-1957?

Established the 100 Flowers Campaign which said there should be 100 schools of thought flourishing within the socialist culture.

What did Mao ask of from the 100 schools?

He asked for constrictive criticism of socialism. Students at Beijing University created a "democratic wall."

What did the "democratic wall" comprise of?

It complained about political corruption, Russian influence, low living standards, censorship of foreign literature and privileged life of the party officials.

What Mao did when he saw the criticisms?

Upon seeing the level of disapproval of the existing regime, Mai immediately ended the campaign. Some Historians feel that he was trying to flush out the opposition (500k were arrested, reeducated, or killed).

What did Mao do in 1959?

Mao suddenly disappeared from public largely as a result of the failure of some of his policies.

What did Mao try to do in 1962?

He tried to mobilize the masses in the Socialist Education Movement. However, it was until 1966 that he felt he had the power to launch Cultural Revolution.

Why did Mao feel it necessary to try to further implement total Communism?

Because by 1953, the Chinese economy strong budget was balanced. The party contained numerous talented indoctrinated individuals

Propaganda under Mao was controlled by who?

Propaganda was controlled by the CCP's Central Propaganda Department

What was the aim of the Central Propaganda Department? Who assisted the CPD?

The aim of the which was to indoctrinate the masses to support mass campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward/ Cultural Rev. The people's Liberation Army assisted them.

How was propaganda spread?

Propaganda was spread through media education, film, theater, radio, local groups, committees and propaganda teams

Who was Lei Feng?

A possibly fictional soldier, embodied the image or self sacrifice expected by the citizenry.