A&P:The General and Special Senses

Anything that causes a response in a tissue?

Stimulus

Includes smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance?

Special senses

Includes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception?

General senses

Respond to pain, temperature, and rich?

Free nerve endings

Detect light touch and superficial pressure; located in the epidermis; a capsule surrounding a nerve ending?

Merkel's disease disks

Respond to fine, discriminative touch; located just deep to the epidermis?

Meissner's corpuscles

Monitor continuous touch or pressure in the skin?

Ruffini's end-organs

Detect deep pressure, vibration, and position (proprioception); located in the tendons and joints?

Pacinian corpuscles

There are (2) kinds of pain. Rapidly conducted impulses give rise to sharp __________, pricking pain, whereas slowly propagated impulses give rise to _________, burning, aching pain?

localized; Diffuse

A painful sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus is called _________?

Referred pain

Specialized cells in the epithelium of the nasal cavity; airborne molecules bind to receptors on these cells, producing action potentials?

Olfactory neurons

Received the olfactory nerves?

Olfactory bulb

Relays action potentials from the olfactory bulb to the brain?

Olfactory tract

Sensory structure that detects taste stimuli?

Taste bud

Enlargements on the surface of the tongue; contains taste buds?

Papillae

Makeup a taste bud; each has taste hairs that extend through a taste pore?

Taste cell

Prevent perspiration from running down the forehead into the eye?

Eyebrows

Protects the eye from foreign objects and lubricate the eye by spreading tears?

Eyelids

Thin, transparent membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids?

Conjunctiva

Produces tears?

Lacrimal gland

Collect excess tears from the medial corner of the eye?

Lacrimal canaliculi

Empties excess tears into the nasal cavity?

Nasolacrimal duct

Moves the eyeball?

Extrinsic eye muscles

Outer layer of the eye, consisting of the sclera and cornea?

Fibrous tunic

Middle layer of the eye, consisting of choroid, ciliary body, and iris?

Vascular tunic

Inner layer of the eye, consisting of the retina?

Nervous tunic

Firm, opaque, white, outer posterior five sixths of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and provides an attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles?

Sclera

Avascular, transparent, anterior one sixth of the eye; allows light to enter the eye and also refracts light?

Cornea

Vascular tunic associated with the scleral portion of the eye; prevents light reflection?

Choroid

Contains ciliary muscles (smooth muscles) that attach by suspensory ligaments to the lens?

Ciliary body

Flexible, biconvex, transparent disc?

Lens

Contains smooth muscle that regulates the amount of light entering the eye?

Iris

The opening in the iris through which light passes?

Pupil

Outer part of the retina; its black color prevents light reflection?

Pigmented retina

Inner part of the retina containing rods and cones?

Sensory retina

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision?

Cones

Photoreceptor cells that are very sensitive to light and function in dim light?

Rods

Photopigment in rods that breaks down when struck by light; vitamin A is necessary for its manufacture; lack of vitamin A results in night blindness?

Rhodopsin

Small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina?

Macula lutea

Small pit with the highest concentration of cones and the greatest ability to most clearly detect images; located in the macula lutea?

Fovea centrailis

Blind spot of the eye; place where blood vessels and the optic nerve pass through the wall of the eye?

Optic disc

Fills the anterior compartment of the eye; maintains pressure, refracts light, and provides nutrients to the inner eye surface?

Aqueous humor

Fills the posterior compartment of the eye; helps to maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and retina in place?

Vitreous humor

Bending of the light rays as they pass from air into some other, more dense substance?

Refraction

Part of the eye that produces the greatest amount of convergence of light?

Cornea

Part of the eye that accomplishes fine adjustments in focusing by changing shape?

Lens

Process of allowing the lens to assume a more spherical (convex) shape; enables the eye to focus objects that are closer than 20ft?

Accommodation

Condition of the ciliary muscles during accommodation?

Contracted

Condition of the ciliary muscles for distant vision (greater than 20ft)?

Relaxed

Fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head?

Auricle

Passageway that leads to the tympanic membrane?

External auditory meatus

Modified sebum, commonly called earwax, that helps to prevent foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane?

Cerumen

Thin membrane that separates the external and middle ear; vibrates in response to sound waves; also called the eardrum?

Tympanic membrane

Opening between the middle and inner ear; contains the stapes?

Oval window

Membrane-covered opening between the middle and inner ear?

Round window

Ear bones that transmit and amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window; the malleus, incus and stapes?

Auditory ossicles

Structure that enables air pressure to be equalized between the outside air and the middle ear; the Eustachian tube?

Auditory tube

Interconnecting tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone?

Osseous labyrinth

Membranes that are found within the osseous labyrinth?

Membranous labyrinth

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth?

Endolymph

Fluid between the osseous and membranous labyrinth?

Perilymph

Part of the inner ear involved with hearing?

Cochlea

Two parts of the inner ear involved with balance?

Semicircular canals & vestibule

Sound waves in the air are collected by the _________ and conducted by the external auditory meatus to the _________. which vibrates?

Auricle; Tympanic membrane

The vibrations are transferred to the auditory ossicles. Vibration of the _______, which is attached to the tympanic membrane, causes vibration of the ________, which is attached to the _________?

Malleus; Incus; Stapes

Movement of the stapes within the _______ produces vibration in the ________ of the scala vestibule?

Oval window; Perilymph

Because the scala vestibule is connected to the scala tympani, perilymph movement causes the membrane of the ______ to move?

Round window

Movement of the stapes within the oval window produces vibrations of the perilymph of the scala vestibule. The vibrations of the perilymph cause the ________ membrane to vibrate?

Vestibular

The vibration of this membrane causes the ______ of the cochlear duct to vibrate, which in turn causes the ______ membrane to vibrate?

Endolymph; Basilar

The spiral organs rests on this membrane, and as the membrane moves it causes the _______ of the spiral organ, which are embedded in the _________ membrane to bend?

Hair cells; Tectorial

The bending of the hair cells results in the production of _______ that are conducted to the brain through the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Action potentials

Sounds with different _________ cause different regions of the basilar membrane to vibrate, whereas sounds with increased ________ cause the basilar membrane to vibrate more intensely?

Pitch; Volume

List the sensations produced through the general senses and the special senses?

General senses: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception (sense of position).

Special senses: smell, taste, sight, hearing & balance (equilibrium)

List the (6) types of receptors associated with the general senses?

Free nerve endings, Merkel's disk, hair follicle receptors, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini's end-organs, and Pacinian corpuscles.

List the (4) basic tastes detected by the taste buds?

Sour, Salty, Bitter & Sweet

List the (3) coats or tunics of the eye?

Fibrous, Vascular, and Nervous tunics

Name the (2) major compartments of the eye and the substance that fills each?

Anterior compartment filled with aqueous humor and posterior compartment filled with vitreous humor.

Name the (2) types of photoreceptor cells and state their functions?

Rods: very sensitive to light and function in dim light.

Cones: less sensitive to light (require more light to operate than rods), and are responsible for color vision.

Name the structures that relieve pressure in the middle ear and the inner ear?

Middle ear: auditory tube

Inner ear: round window

The type of receptor associated with pain and itch sensations?

Free nerve endings

Pain sensations

All of the above:

*Are conducted rapidly or slowly.

*Can be blocked by input from the left dorsal columns.

*Can be felt at body locations that are not a source of pain stimulation.

Olfactory neurons

All of the above:

*Have projections called cilia

*Have axons that combine to form the olfactory nerves.

*Connect to the olfactory bulb.

*Have receptors that react with molecules dissolved in fluid.

Taste

Can be divided into (4) basic types: Sour, salty, bitter & sweet

Tears

Lubricate and clean the eye, and protect against eye infections.

Given the following structures:

1. choroid

2. retina

3. sclera

Choose the arrangement that list the structures in the order a pin would pass through them going from the outside of the eye to the inside?

3,2,1

Aqueous humor

Produces pressure that keeps the eye inflated.

Given the following structures:

1. lens

2. aqueous humor

3. vitreous humor

4. cornea

Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order that light entering the eye would encounter them?

4,2,1,3

When light strikes rods, a series of chemical events occur that result in production of action potentials.

Given the following events:

1. retinal attaches to opsin; ATP molecules are required

2. retinal changes shape

3. retinal separates from opsin

Choose the order in which the arrangement would occur?

2,3,1

Assume that you are looking at an object that is 20ft away from you. If you suddenly look at an object that is 1ft away, which of the following events would occur?

Ciliary muscles contract and the lens becomes more spherical (rounder)

Which structure is found within or is part of the external ear?

Auricle

Given the following structures:

1. Perilymph

2. Endolymph

3. Vestibular membrane

4. Basilar membrane

Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order sound waves coming from the outside would encounter them.

1,3,2,4

Given the following structures:

1. Stapes within the oval window

2. Membrane of the round window

3. Tympanic membrane

Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order sound coming from the outside causes them to move?

3,1,2

Labeling the eye

The ear labeled