Studied by 5 peopleHovland
________ demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.
Scripts
________ are important sources of information to guide behavior in given situations.
Sternberg
________ states that a healthy relationship will have all three components of love- intimacy, passion, and commitment- which is described as consummate love.
Stanley Milgram
________ designed an experiment where volunteer participants were told that they were to teach other students correct answers to a series of test items, and to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test item.
Obedience
________: the change of an individuals behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure.
Companionate
________ love: characteristic of close friendships and family relationships, consists of intimacy and commitment but no passion.
Intimacy
________: the sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions.
Infatuation
________: the presence of passion without intimacy or commitment.
Conformity
________: the change in a persons behavior to go along with the group, even if they dont agree with the group.
Groupthink
________ can hinder opposing thoughts.
social networks
Homophily: the tendency for people to form ________ with others who are similar.
Humans
________ engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person.
Asch
________ effect: the influence of the group majority on an individuals judgment.
individual performance
Occurs when our ________ can not be evaluated separately from the group.
illusion of unanimity
Perceiving a(n) ________ among group members.
Bystander
________ effect: a phenomenon in which a witness or ________ does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress, and instead just watch what is happening.
witnesses
Bullying involves three parties: the bully, the victim, and ________ or bystanders.
Solomon Asch
________ conducted several experiments in the 1950s to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people.
Controllability
________: the extent to which the circumstances that are associated with a given outcome can be ________.
Self disclosure
________: the sharing of personal information.
Situationism
________: the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.
Self fulfilling prophecy
________: an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true.
Prejudice
________: a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group.
Homophobia
________: prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.
persuasive message
The elaboration likelihood model: there are two main routes that play a role in delivering a(n) ________: central and peripheral.
Internal factor
________: an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament.
Altruism
________: peoples desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping.
Fundamental attribution error
________: when people assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others.
Discrimination
________: negative action toward an individual as a result of ones membership in a particular group.
Confirmation bias
________: to seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes.
Behavior
________ is a product of both the situation and of the person.
Empty love
________: having commitment without intimacy or passion.
Dispositionism
________: the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
Social norms
________ require guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to be submissive.
Social role
________: a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.
Fatuous love
________: having passion and commitment, but no intimacy.
Social facilitation
________: occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone.
Social loafing
________: the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group.
Attitude
________: our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object.
Social psychologists
________ hold that we make these decisions based on the social situation, not our own personality variables.
physical attractiveness
Matching hypothesis: asserts that people tend to pick someone they view as their equal in ________ and social desirability.
Diffusion of responsibility
________: the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group.
traditional bullying
The effects of cyberbullying are just as harmful as ________ and include the victim feeling lower self- esteem, frustration, anger, sadness, helplessness, powerlessness, and fear.
Stereotype
________: a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.
Persuasion
________: the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication.
Social exchange theory
________: we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others.
Normative social influence
________: people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group.
Ageism
________: prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their ________.
Aggression
________ takes two forms depending on ones motives: hostile or instrumental.
Prosocial behavior
________: voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people.
Social psychology
examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation
The field of social psychology studies topics at both the intra
and interpersonal levels
Intrapersonal topics
those that pertain to the individual; include emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
Interpersonal topics
those that pertain to dyads and groups; include helping behavior, aggression, prejudice and discrimination, attraction and close relationships, and group processes and intergroup relationships
Situationism
the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings
Dispositionism
the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors
Internal factor
an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament
Fundamental attribution error
when people assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others
Actor-observer bias
the phenomenon of attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors (fundamental attribution error) while attributing our own behavior to situational forces
Self-serving bias
he tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
locus of control (internal versus external), stability (stable versus unstable), and controllability (controllable versus uncontrollable)
One model of attribution proposes three main dimensions
Stability
the extent to which the circumstances that result in a given outcome are changeable
Controllability
the extent to which the circumstances that are associated with a given outcome can be controlled
Just-world hypothesis
the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
Social role
a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Social norm
a groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members-how they are supposed to behave and think
Script
a persons knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting
Stanford prison experiment
24 healthy male college students were randomly assigned to play the role of either a prisoner or a guard in a mock prison
The guards and prisoners enacted their social roles by engaging in behaviors appropriate to the roles
The guards gave orders and the prisoners followed orders
Attitude
our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object
an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge)
Typically, attitudes are positive or negative and have three components
Cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
We can reduce cognitive dissonance by bringing our cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors in line
This can be done in different ways
Persuasion
the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication
Yale attitude change approach
describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes
Central route
logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an arguments worthiness
Peripheral route
an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
Foot-in-the-door technique
the persuader gets a person to agree to bestow a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a bigger item
Conformity
the change in a persons behavior to go along with the group, even if they dont agree with the group
Asch effect
the influence of the group majority on an individuals judgment
The size of the majority
the greater the number of people in the majority, the more likely an individual will conform
Theres an upper limit
a point where adding more members does not increase conformity
The presence of another dissenter
If theres at least one dissenter, conformity rates drop to near zero
The public or private nature of the responses
when responses are made publicly, conformity is more likely; however, when responses are made privately, conformity is less likely
Normative social influence
people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
Informational social influence
people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous
Obedience
the change of an individuals behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure
Groupthink
the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
Group polarization
the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group
Social facilitation
occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone
Social loafing
the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group
Prejudice
a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group
Stereotype
a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
Discrimination
negative action toward an individual as a result of ones membership in a particular group
Racism
prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on ones membership in a specific racial group
explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes
Humans have two forms of attitudes
Explicit attitudes
conscious and controllable
Implicit attitudes
unconscious and uncontrollable
Sexism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
Ageism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
Note 
Flashcard (21)